Methods for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods and medicaments useful for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by administering anti-CTGF antibodies. Methods for prognosing individuals with IPF are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S.Provisional Application 61/642,366 filed May 3, 2012 and is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and medicaments useful fortreating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Methods for prognosingindividuals with IPF are also provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

IPF is a chronic and progressive lung disease that results inrespiratory failure and death. Median survival is about 2 to 4 yearsfrom diagnosis. The etiology of IPF remains unknown, but the disease ischaracterized by fibrotic interstitial infiltrates that are consistentwith the histopathologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia. (GrossT J et al. N Engl J Med (2001); 345:(7):517-525.) As interstitialfibrosis advances with accompanying distortion of lung architecture, thelung becomes less compliant, increasing the effort associated withbreathing, leading to dyspnea. Typically, lung function declines slowlyover time, but some patients experience rapid declines that can lead tohospitalization or death, particularly in later stages of the disease.(Martinez F J et al. Ann Intern Med (2005) 142:963-967.)

In the United States, as many as 89,000 people are afflicted with IPF,with about 34,000 newly diagnosed annually. (Raghu G et al., Am J RespirCrit Care Med (2006) 174: (7):810-816.) Prevalence of IPF ranges from14.0 to 42.7 cases per 100,000 persons and the annual incidence rangesfrom 6.8 to 16.3 cases per 100,000 persons, depending on the strictnessof the diagnostic criteria employed. (Raghu G et al., supra.) Theprevalence of IPF increases with age, with most IPF patients 60 years ofage or older at the time of diagnosis. The disease is more common in menthan in women (Fernandez Perez E R et al. Chest (2010) 137:(1):129-137.)with most patients current or former smokers. A familial form of IPF mayaccount for as many as 20% of IPF cases. (Loyd J E, Eur Respir Rev(2008) 17:(109):163-167.)

While the pathogenesis of IPF is not clearly defined, the disease isbelieved to be caused by repetitive epithelial injury. (Selman M et al.Ann Intern Med (2001) 134:136-151; Selman M. Proc Am Thorac Soc (2006)(4):364-372.) According to this hypothesis, alveolar cell injury andactivation initiate a dysregulated, exaggerated fibrotic healing processcharacterized by myofibroblast proliferation and progressive depositionof extracellular matrix (ECM) in genetically susceptible individuals.(Selman M et al. (2001) supra; Selman M. (2006) supra.)

There are currently no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of IPF.Recently conducted phase 3 clinical trials of pirfenidone, sildenafil,bosentan, etanercept, and interferon gamma-1b have failed to demonstrateefficacy in their primary endpoints. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC),corticosteroids, and the immunosuppressive drugs cyclophosphamide andazathioprine are commonly prescribed, but there is little evidence thatuse of these drugs improves patient outcome or alters the natural courseof the disease. (Collard H R et al. Chest (2004) 125: (6):2169-2174,Walter N et al, Proc Am Thorac Soc (2006) 3: (4):377-381.) In fact, thecombination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC produced a worseoutcome than NAC or placebo in a recent IPF study. (NIH News, Oct. 24,2011.) Lung transplantation is the only treatment that improves survival(Walter, supra.), but most IPF patients are not eligible fortransplantation because of their age or comorbid conditions. IPFpatients usually are managed with supportive measures such assymptomatic treatment of cough and dyspnea, supplemental oxygen forhypoxemia, smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, and prophylaxisand control of respiratory tract infections.

The progressive and fatal course of IPF coupled with the absence ofapproved drugs underscore the need for new methods and agents to treatthis devastating disease. The present invention meets this unmet medicalneed by providing novel methods and agents for use in treating IPF. Inparticular, the present invention provides agents and methods forreducing, stabilizing or reversing the progression and severity of IPFand for preventing or treating one or more symptoms of IPF by inhibitingconnective tissue growth factor (CTGF) activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for treating IPF ina subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering tothe subject an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody, therebytreating IPF. In some embodiments, the method for treating IPF with ananti-CTGF antibody reducing the pathologic rate of decline of apulmonary function parameter by at least 5%. In further embodiments, thepulmonary function parameter is selected from the group consisting ofvital capacity (VC), residual volume (RV), forced expiratory volume(FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced vital capacity percent (FVC%) predicted, forced expiratory flow (FEF), peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), functional residual capacity(FRC), inspiratory capacity (IC), total lung capacity (TLC), expiratoryreserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and maximum voluntaryventilation (MVV).

The additional embodiments, the method for treating IPF with ananti-CTGF antibody comprises increasing the subject's FVC by at least0.05 liters compared to a baseline FVC measurement. In furtherembodiments, the method for treating IPF comprises increasing thesubject's FVC % predicted by at least 0.5% compared to a baseline FVC %predicted measurement.

In other embodiments, the method for treating IPF with an anti-CTGFantibody comprises producing at least a 5% increase, compared to abaseline measurement, in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbonmonoxide (DLCO) corrected for hemoglobin, DLCO percent (DLCO %)predicted, or arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO₂). In furtherembodiments, the method for treating IPF produces a decrease of at least5% in alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient (A−a) PO₂.

In additional embodiments, the method for treating IPF with an anti-CTGFantibody comprises at least a 5% reduction, compared to a baselinemeasurement, in the extent of pulmonary infiltration of fibroblasts ormyofibroblasts, at least a 5% reduction in the rate of collagendeposition, at least a 5% reduction in the degree type II pneumocytehyperplasia, at least a 5% reduction in the degree of smooth musclehyperplasia or at least a 5% reduction in the formation of fibroblasticfoci.

In other embodiments, the method for treating IPF comprises stabilizingor producing at least a 2% reduction, compared to a baselinemeasurement, in one or more pulmonary radiographic parameters selectedfrom the group consisting of ground glass opacities, fibrosis, andhoneycomb formation.

In further embodiments, the method for treating IPF comprises extendingthe subject's progression-free survival or overall survival of at least1 month compared to historic controls. In other embodiments, thetreatment method comprises decreasing the subject's risk of death at 1year post-diagnosis by at least 10% compared to historical controls.

In still other embodiments, the method for treating IPF comprisespreventing a worsening of dyspnea or the development of new dyspnea,reducing the frequency or intensity of coughing, preventing a worseningof hypoxemia; reducing the number or severity of acute exacerbations ofIPF, reducing the number of IPF-related hospital admissions, reducingthe need for supplemental oxygen, or improving the assessment ofhealth-related quality of life.

In some embodiments, the method for treating IPF comprises the use of ananti-CTGF antibody that has the same amino acid sequence as the antibodyproduced by the cell line identified by ATCC Accession No. PTA-6006. Inother embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody used in the treatment methodbinds to CTGF competitively with an antibody produced by the cell lineidentified by ATCC Accession No. PTA-6006.

In further embodiments, the method for treating IPF comprisesadministering at least 15 mg/kg of an anti-CTGF antibody. In otherembodiments, at least 1.00 g of an anti-CTGF antibody is administered.In additional embodiments, the treatment method is associated with aC_(m) of at least 10.0 μg/ml for the anti-CTGF antibody when measured at21 days post-administration. In other embodiments, the treatment methodproduces an area under the curve for the anti-CTGF antibody for theperiod of 0-21 days post-administration of at least 1,000 μg*h/ml.

In some embodiments, the method for treating IPF further comprisesadministering an additional therapeutic agent selected from the groupconsisting of corticosteroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs,supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation.

In some embodiments, the subject to be treated with the treatment methodhas a forced vital capacity percent (FVC %) predicted of greater thanabout 55%, less than 50% parenchymal fibrosis, less than 25%honeycombing within the whole lung or has been diagnosed with IPF forless than 5 years.

In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising an anti-CTGF antibody for treating IPF.

These and other embodiments of the present invention will readily occurto those of skill in the art in light of the disclosure herein, and allsuch embodiments are specifically contemplated.

Each of the limitations of the invention can encompass variousembodiments of the invention. It is, therefore, anticipated that each ofthe limitations of the invention involving any one element orcombinations of elements can be included in each aspect of theinvention. This invention is not limited in its application to thedetails of construction and the arrangement of components set forth inthe following description or illustrated in the drawings. The inventionis capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of beingcarried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology usedherein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded aslimiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,”“containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant toencompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well asadditional items.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the change from baseline in forced vital capacity(FVC) in liters at Weeks 24 and 36 following initiation of anti-CTGFantibody treatment versus the baseline FVC percent (FVC %) predicted ofsubjects with moderate to severe IPF. The change in FVC over timecorrelates with baseline FVC % predicted values. Subjects above about abaseline FVC % predicted of 55% demonstrate, in general, stable orimproved (positive change) FVC, while subjects below about a baselineFVC % predicted of 55% demonstrate, in general, a decline in FVC.Baseline FVC % predicted was calculated from the mean of a subject's FVC% predicted values from screening 1 visit and treatment Day 1. Themedian baseline FVC % predicted was 63.2%.

FIG. 2 illustrates the change in FVC (liters) from baseline over time insubjects treated with an anti-CTGF antibody that had a baseline FVC %predicted of at least 55% (>BL 55%). For comparison, the normal declinein FVC seen in a similarly matched normal population (Normal) is shownalong with the pathologic decline in FVC of IPF patients in thecomposite placebo arm (IPF Placebo) derived from recent clinical trials,n=1,122. The anti-CTGF antibody treated subjects experienced a declinein FVC at Week 24 post-initiation of therapy that approached the declineseen in the IPF patients in the placebo arm. By Week 36 post-initiationof therapy, however, the anti-CTGF antibody treated subjects experiencedan increase in FVC so that the overall decline for the anti-CTGFantibody treated subjects approximated that seen in the normal referencepopulation. IPF patients in the placebo arm were calculated at Week 36to have a −0.12 liter change from baseline and at Week 48 a −0.17 literchange from baseline.

FIG. 3 illustrates the change in FVC (liters) from baseline over time insubjects that responded (Responders) to treatment with an anti-CTGFantibody. For comparison, the normal decline (Normal) seen in asimilarly matched normal population is shown along with the pathologicdecline in FVC of IPF patients in the composite placebo arm (IPFPlacebo) derived from recent clinical trials, n=1,122. Respondersdemonstrated a gain in FVC across all time points for a net gain frombaseline of about 0.04 liters at Week 36. IPF patients in the placeboarm were calculated at Week 36 to have a −0.12 liter change frombaseline and at Week 48 a −0.17 liter change from baseline.

FIG. 4 illustrates the percent change in the extent of pulmonaryfibrosis from baseline in the most severe lung lobe at Week 24 ofsubjects with IPF that were treated with an anti-CTGF antibody, n=12.HRCT scans were examined using a computer-aided detection (CAD) analysissystem that measured three pulmonary radiographic parameters: groundglass opacities (GG), fibrosis (F) and honeycomb formation (HC).Subjects are ordered from left to right along the x-axis according tothe extent of change in the mean CAD analysis fibrotic (F) score withsubjects demonstrating the greatest reductions in fibrosis arranged onthe left hand side. Also included is the measurement of total lungdisease termed quantitative interstitial lung disease (QILD) that is thesummation of a subject's GG, F and HC values. Half of the subjectsdemonstrated measurable improvement (reversal, <−2% change) in thesepulmonary radiographic parameters while a quarter of the subjectsdemonstrated stable disease (±2% change in pulmonary radiographicparameters). Most subjects showed a reversal in the extent of groundglass opacities.

FIG. 5 illustrates the percent change in the extent of pulmonaryfibrosis from baseline in whole lung at Week 24 of subjects with IPFthat were treated with an anti-CTGF antibody, n=12. HRCT scans wereexamined using a CAD analysis system that measured three pulmonaryradiographic parameters: GG, F and HC. Subjects retained the orderingfrom FIG. 4. Additionally, QILD values are shown. Half of the subjectsdemonstrated measurable improvement (reversal, <−2% change) in thesepulmonary radiographic parameters, while a quarter of the subjectsdemonstrated stable disease (+2% pulmonary radiographic parameters).Most subjects showed a reversal in the extent of ground glass opacities.

FIG. 6 illustrates the association between improvement in lung structureand improvement in lung function in subjects treated with an anti-CTGFantibody. The improvement in lung structure is shown by the reduction(reversal) of pulmonary radiographic parameters ground glass opacitiesand fibrosis, i.e., the negative values. The improvement in lungfunction is shown by the increase in FVC % predicted values (positivechange). Generally, subjects with a higher baseline FVC % predictedvalue, in general, responded better to anti-CTGF antibody therapy.

FIG. 7 illustrates that subjects treated with an anti-CTGF antibody(CLN1, ALL) experienced a reduction of the pathologic rate of decline ofpulmonary function at all time points, as measured by the change in FVC% predicted from baseline, compared to a composite placebo arm derivedfrom recent IPF clinical trials, n=1,019 The graph further illustratesthat subjects with a FVC % predicted baseline value greater than 55%(BL>55%) experienced an even greater reduction in the pathologic rate ofdecline of pulmonary function compared to all the subjects treated withthe anti-CTGF antibody or historical controls.

FIG. 8 illustrates, at Week 24, the change from baseline in thepulmonary radiographic parameter fibrosis (F) for whole lung for thecompleted study using a CAD analysis system, n=46 (includes 2 subjectsthat withdrew early). The pulmonary radiographic parameter fibrosisdecreased (<−2% change) or was stable (+2% change) in 58.7% of thesubjects (n=27). An increase (>+2% change) in the pulmonary radiographicparameter fibrosis was seen in 41.3% of the subjects (n=19). The dashedhorizontal lines indicate the range of measurement error ±2%.

FIG. 9 illustrates, at Week 24, the change from baseline in QILD forwhole lung for the completed study using a CAD analysis system, n=46(includes 2 subjects that withdrew early). Decreased (<−2% change) orstable QILD (+2% change) was noted in 60% of the subjects (n=28).Increased (>+2% change) QILD was seen in 40% of the subjects (n=18). Thedashed horizontal lines indicate the range of measurement error ±2%.

FIG. 10 illustrates, at Week 48, the change from baseline in thepulmonary radiographic parameter fibrosis (F) for whole lung for thecompleted study using a CAD analysis system, n=38. The pulmonaryradiographic parameter fibrosis decreased (<−2% change) or was stable(±2% change) in 52.6% of the subjects (n=20). An increase (>+2% change)in the pulmonary radiographic parameter fibrosis was seen in 47.4% ofthe subjects (n=18). The dashed horizontal lines indicate the range ofmeasurement error ±2%.

FIG. 11 illustrates, at Week 48, the change from baseline in QILD forwhole lung for the completed study using a CAD analysis system, n=38.Decreased (<−2% change) or stable QILD (±2% change) was noted in 52.6%of the subjects (n=20). Increased (>+2% change) QILD was seen in 47.4%of the subjects (n=18). The dashed horizontal lines indicate the rangeof measurement error ±2%.

FIG. 12 compares the change from baseline in QILD at Weeks 24 and 48 forindividual subjects using a CAD analysis system, n=38. The degree ofchange in QILD values for individual subjects are fairly consistent forthe two time points. Subjects that showed a decrease (<−2%) in QILD atWeek 24 usually continued to show a decrease in QILD at Week 48.Subjects that had stable QILD at Week 24 (+2% change) usually continuedto show stable QILD at Week 48. Similarly, subjects that showed anincrease (>+2%) in QILD at Week 24 usually continued to show an increasein QILD at Week 48.

FIG. 13 illustrates the correlation between QILD results at Week 24 forwhole lung and the change in FVC % predicted from baseline over thecourse of the study. Subjects that had an increase (>+2%) in QILD frombaseline at Week 24 (Increased QILD) had a pathologic rate of decline inFVC % predicted from baseline that was similar to the pathologic rate ofdecline in FVC % predicted from baseline seen in historical placebosfrom recent IPF clinical trials, n=1,019. Subjects that had a decrease(<−2%) in QILD from baseline at Week 24 (Decreased QILD) or stable (±2%)QILD from baseline at Week 24 (Stable QILD) showed similar rates ofdecline in FVC % predicted from baseline. The difference in the rate ofdecline in FVC % predicted from baseline between subjects that hadincreased QILD from baseline at Week 24 and the combined subjects thathad stable QILD or decreased QILD from baseline at Week 24, wasstatistically significant at Week 24 (p<0.004) and Week 48 (p<0.05).

FIG. 14 illustrates that the change in FVC % predicted from baseline isassociated with the change from baseline in the pulmonary radiographicparameter fibrosis, as determined using a CAD analysis system.

FIG. 15 illustrates that the change in FVC % predicted from baseline isassociated with the change from baseline in QILD, as determined using aCAD analysis system.

FIG. 16 illustrates the rate of decline in FVC % predicted values frombaseline over time for subjects above and below a threshold −3% changein FVC % predicted at Week 48. Subjects above the threshold value (>−3%)at Week 48 (40% of total subjects) had at Week 12, a slight increase inpulmonary function that was maintained for at least 48 weeks. Incontrast, subjects below the threshold value (<−3%) at Week 48 (60% oftotal subjects) showed a continual decline in pulmonary function thatwas similar to the results seen in historical placebos from recent IPFclinical trials, n=1019.

FIG. 17 illustrates the positive change (reversal) in FVC % predictedfrom baseline at Week 12 for the first 14 subjects enrolled in Cohort 2,compared to the results of Cohort 1 and historical controls. Subjects inCohort 2 received 30 mg/kg of an anti-CTGF antibody. The initialmeasurement shows that the change in FVC % predicted from baseline forthe 30 mg/kg group is higher than that seen in the subjects thatreceived 15 mg/kg, including those subjects in Cohort 1 that had abaseline FVC % predicted of greater than 55%.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods,devices, and materials are now described. All publications cited hereinare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for the purposeof describing and disclosing the methodologies, reagents, and toolsreported in the publications that might be used in connection with thepresent invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admissionthat the present invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosureby virtue of prior invention.

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwiseindicated, conventional methods of chemistry, biochemistry, molecularbiology, cell biology, genetics, immunology and pharmacology, within theskill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.See, e.g., Gennaro, A. R., ed. (1990) Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Co.; Colowick, S. et al., eds.,Methods In Enzymology, Academic Press, Inc.; Handbook of ExperimentalImmunology, Vols. I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986,Blackwell Scientific Publications); Maniatis, T. et al., eds. (1989)Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition, Vols. I-III, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press; Ausubel, F. M. et al., eds. (1999) ShortProtocols in Molecular Biology, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons; Ream etal., eds. (1998) Molecular Biology Techniques: An Intensive LaboratoryCourse, Academic Press); PCR (Introduction to Biotechniques Series), 2nded. (Newton & Graham eds., 1997, Springer Verlag).

Definitions

As used herein, the term “about” refers to ±10% of the numerical valueof the number with which it is being used. Therefore, about 50% means inthe range of 45%-55%.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular form “a,” “an,”and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. For example, a reference to “an anti-CTGF agent” includes aplurality of such agents; a reference to an “antibody” is a reference toone or more antibodies and to equivalents thereof known to those skilledin the art; and so forth.

As used herein, the term “subject,” “host,” “individual,” and “patient”are used interchangeably to refer to a mammal. In a preferredembodiment, the mammal is a primate, and more preferably a human being.

As used herein, the term “blood” encompasses whole blood, serum orplasma. When a specific antibody concentration in plasma, e.g., a targetantibody plasma level, is discussed, it is to be understood to includethe antibody concentration in whole blood, serum or plasma.

The terms “idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis” and “IPF” describe a chronic,progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, limitedto the lungs and associated with the radiologic and/or histopathologicpattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).

Subjects with IPF have a UIP pattern on high resolution computerizedtomography (HRCT) scan with the following three features: (1)subpleural, basal predominance of fibrosis; (2) reticular abnormality;and (3) presence of honeycombing with or without tractionbronchiectasis. Additionally, IPF subjects do not have any of thefollowing features inconsistent with an UIP pattern: (i) upper ormid-lung predominance of fibrosis; (ii) peribronchovascular predominancefibrosis; (iii) extensive ground glass abnormality (extent>reticularabnormality); (iv) profuse micronodules (bilateral, predominately upperlobes); (v) discrete cysts (multiple, bilateral away from areas ofhoneycombing); (vi) diffuse mosaic attenuation/air trapping (bilateral,in three or more lobes); and (vii) consolidation in bronchopulmonarysegment(s) and/or lobe(s). These criteria represent the officialstatement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), The EuropeanRespiratory Society (ERS), The Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS), AndThe Latin American Thoracic Association (ALAT). (See Raghu G, et al. AmJ Respir Crit Care Med. (2011) 183: (6):788-824.)

Subjects with IPF can also have a possible UIP pattern on HRCT scan withhistopathological confirmation of UIP. The subjects have the followingtwo features present on their HRCT scan: (1) subpleural, basalpredominance of fibrosis; and (2) reticular abnormality. Additionally,the following features that are inconsistent with a UIP pattern areabsent: (i) upper or mid-lung predominance of fibrosis; (ii)peribronchovascular predominance of fibrosis; (iii) extensive groundglass abnormality (extent>reticular abnormality); (iv) profusemicronodules (bilateral, predominately upper lobes); (v) discrete cysts(multiple, bilateral away from areas of honeycombing); (vi) diffusemosaic attenuation/air trapping (bilateral, in three or more lobes); and(vii) consolidation in bronchopulmonary segment(s) and/or lobe(s). (SeeRaghu G, et al. supra)

For histopathological confirmation of UIP pattern, the following fourcriteria are met: (1) evidence of marked fibrosis/architecturaldistortion, ± honeycombing in a predominantly subpleural/paraseptaldistribution; (2) presence of patchy involvement of lung parenchyma byfibrosis; (3) presence of fibroblast foci; and (4) absence of featuresagainst a diagnosis of UIP suggesting an alternate diagnosis, e.g.,hyaline membranes, organizing pneumonia, granulomas, marked interstitialinflammatory cell infiltrate away from honeycombing, predominant airwaycentered changes, etc. (See Raghu, supra)

As used herein, the terms “treating”, “treatment,” and “therapy,” in thecontext of the invention, mean the administration of an anti-CTGFantibody to subjects with IPF or at risk for developing IPF. In someembodiments, the subjects with IPF are “unresponsive to conventionaltreatment,” i.e., unresponsive to conventional prior art treatments ofIPF including corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine. Infurther embodiments, the IPF subjects treated with anti-CTGF antibodieshave responded to conventional treatment and the anti-CTGF antibodiesare being administered after the cessation of conventional treatments orin addition to conventional treatments. In other embodiments, the IPFsubjects treated with anti-CTGF antibody are those subjects that aretreatment naive and include newly diagnosed IPF subjects.

As used herein, the terms “effective amount” or “therapeuticallyeffective amount” in the context of administering an anti-CTGF antibodyto a subject, refer to the amount of an anti-CTGF antibody that issufficient to produce a beneficial or therapeutic effect including apartial or complete cure of IPF, or the alleviation, amelioration,stabilization, improvement, or reversal of the disease or any associatedsymptoms of the disease. In some embodiments, an associated symptom ofIPF is the pathologic rate of decline in one or more pulmonary functionparameters, discussed below. In specific embodiments, an “effectiveamount” of an anti-CTGF antibody refers to an amount of an anti-CTGFantibody that is sufficient to produce at least one or more of thefollowing effects compared to baseline, i.e., pretreatment: (i) areduction in a pathologic rate of decline for one or more pulmonaryfunction parameters; (ii) a stabilization (arrest or stasis) in thepathologic rate of decline in one or more pulmonary function parameters;or (iii) a reversal in pathologic rate of decline in one or morepulmonary function parameters, including the normalization of one ormore pulmonary function parameters.

Lung capacity and associated pulmonary function parameters naturallydecline due to aging. Numerous normal populations have been studied andthe rate of decline of lung capacity and various pulmonary functionparameters have been calculated and are readily available in the art.(Crapo et al. (1981) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123:659-664.) For example, a65 year-old Caucasian male who is 183 cm (6′0″) tall has a predicted FVCof 4.95 liters. At age 66 this same male has a predicted FVC of 4.92liters. This difference of 0.03 liters represents the expected declinedue to aging by 1 year. Similarly, a 62 year-old Caucasian woman who is167 cm (about 5′6″) has a predicted FVC of 2.67 liters. At age 63, thissame female has a predicted FVC of 2.64 liters. This difference of 0.03liters represents the expected decline due to aging by 1 year.

In contrast to the natural decline due to aging, subjects with IPF havean abnormally steep rate of decline in lung capacity or in one or morepulmonary function parameters, i.e., a “pathologic rate of decline.” Asused herein, a “pathologic rate of decline” is a rate of decline in lungcapacity or in one or more pulmonary function parameters that is atleast 5% greater than the decline due to normal aging. In someembodiments, a pathologic rate of decline is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 300%,400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800% or 1000% greater than the predicted rate ofdecline for a normal person of similarly matched race or ethnicity,gender, age, height, and weight. Rates of decline can be expressed asthe change from baseline per 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12weeks, 24 weeks, 36 weeks, 48 weeks, or 12 months. In particularembodiments, the pathologic rate of decline in lung capacity is thechange in forced vital capacity (FVC) from baseline of at least about−0.05 liters, −0.10 liters, −0.15 liters, −0.20 liters or −0.25 litersper 12 months. In other embodiments, the pathological rate of decline isthe change from baseline forced vital capacity percent (FVC %) predictedof at least about −2%, −3%, −4%, −5%, −6%, −7%, −8% or −10% per 12months.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for increasing FVC % predictedin a subject with IPF by administering an effective amount of ananti-CTGF antibody. In further embodiments, treatment with an effectiveamount of an anti-CTGF antibody increases FVC % predicted by at least0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%,10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% compared to baseline FVC % predicted. Infurther embodiments, treatment with the anti-CTGF antibody is for atleast 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21 weeks,24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 33 weeks, 36 weeks or 48 weeks. In otherembodiments, treatment is for 3 weeks or less, 6 weeks or less, 9 weeksor less, 12 weeks or less, 18 weeks or less, 24 weeks or less, 36 weeksor less, 48 weeks or less, 12 months or less, 16 months or less, 20months or less, or 24 months or less from starting treatment with ananti-CTGF antibody. For example, if a subject with IPF has a baselineFVC % predicted of 65%, treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody raises thesubject's FVC % predicted to 66.5% at week 36 post-initiation oftherapy.

Numerous pulmonary function parameters known in the art can be used todetermine an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody, i.e., an amountto reduce, stabilize or reverse a pathologic rate of decline in one ormore pulmonary function parameters; or to monitor patient response toanti-CTGF antibody therapy. These pulmonary function parameters includethe following:

Vital capacity (VC) is the total volume of air that can be moved in andout of the lungs. VC is equal to the combined inspiratory reservevolume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the vital capacity from a maximallyforced expiratory effort.

FVC % predicted is a subject's measured FVC expressed as the percentageof the predicted FVC for the subject. As used herein, all FVC %predicted values are absolute values and not relative values.

Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after amaximal exhalation.

Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is the expiratory volume of air from amaximally forced expiratory effort, usually measured over a set periodof time, e.g., 1 second, FEV1; 6 seconds, FEV6; etc.

Forced inspiratory flow (FIF) is the inspiratory volume of air from amaximally forced inspiratory effort, usually measured over a set periodof time, e.g., 1 second, FIF1; 6 seconds, FIFE; etc.

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is the highest forced expiratory flowrate.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the maximal volume that can beinhaled after a normal inspiration, measured from the end-inspiratorylevel.

Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during onerespiratory cycle, typically measured at rest.

Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volumeand the tidal volume.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the sum of the expiratory reservevolume and the residual volume. Typically, FRC represents the volume ofair in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.

Total lung capacity (TLC) is the sum of the vital capacity and residualvolume that represents the total volume of air that can be contained inthe lung.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the maximal volume of air that can beexhaled after a normal expiration, measured from the end-expiratoryposition.

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the volume of air expired in aspecified time period during repetitive maximal effort.

FEV1/FVC ratio means the ratio between forced expiratory volume in onesecond and forced vital capacity.

Many of these pulmonary function parameters are readily obtainablethrough the use of a spirometer as is well-known in the art. Residualvolume can be obtained through indirect methods such as radiographicplanimetry, body plethysmography, closed circuit dilution (including thehelium dilution technique), and nitrogen washout.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for reducing, stabilizing, orreversing a pathologic rate of decline in one or more pulmonary functionparameters, comprising the administration of an effective amount of ananti-CTGF antibody. In further embodiments, treatment with an effectiveamount of an anti-CTGF antibody reduces the pathologic rate of declineof one or more pulmonary function parameters by at least 5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, or 100%. In particular embodiments, thepulmonary function parameter is FVC % predicted. In further embodiments,the reduction, stabilization or reversal in the pathologic rate ofdecline is achieved in 3 weeks or less, 6 weeks or less, 9 weeks orless, 12 weeks or less, 18 weeks or less, 24 weeks or less, 36 weeks orless, 48 weeks or less, 12 months or less, 16 months or less, 20 monthsor less, or 24 months or less from starting treatment with an anti-CTGFantibody.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for increasing FVC of asubject with IPF by administering an effective amount of an anti-CTGFantibody. In further embodiments, treatment with an effective amount ofan anti-CTGF antibody increases FVC by at least 0.05 liters, 0.1 liters,0.15 liters, 0.20 liters, 0.25 liters or 0.3 liters compared to baselineFVC. In further embodiments, treatment with the anti-CTGF antibody isfor at least 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 33 weeks, 36 weeks or 48 weeks. Inother embodiments, treatment is for 3 weeks or less, 6 weeks or less, 9weeks or less, 12 weeks or less, 18 weeks or less, 24 weeks or less, 36weeks or less, 48 weeks or less, 12 months or less, 16 months or less,20 months or less, or 24 months or less from starting treatment with ananti-CTGF antibody. For example, if a subject with IPF has a baselineFVC 2.61 liters, treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody raises thesubject's FVC to 2.66 liters at week 48 post-initiation of therapy

Additionally, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody also refersto an amount of an anti-CTGF antibody that is sufficient to produce: (i)an increase in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO)corrected for hemoglobin compared to baseline, i.e., pretreatment: (ii)an increase in the DLCO percent (DLCO %) predicted compared to baseline;(iii) an increase in arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO₂) comparedto baseline; or (iv) a decrease in alveolar-arterial oxygen tensiongradient (A−a) PO₂ compared to baseline. In some embodiments, theincrease in DLCO, DLCO % predicted, or SaO₂ is at least 5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 90%above the baseline value. In other embodiments, the decrease in (A−a)PO₂is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 90% below the baseline value. DLCO, DLCO %predicted, SaO₂, or (A−a) PO₂ can be measured at rest or after exercise,e.g., the standardized 6-minute walk test.

In further embodiments, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody caninduce a desired change in DLCO, DLCO % predicted, SaO₂, or (A−a) PO₂value in 3 weeks or less, 6 weeks or less, 9 weeks or less, 12 weeks orless, 18 weeks or less, 24 weeks or less, 36 weeks or less, 48 weeks orless, 12 months or less, 16 months or less, 20 months or less, or 24months or less from starting treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody.

Further, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody additionallyrefers to the amount of an anti-CTGF antibody that is sufficient toproduce a reduction, stabilization, or reversal of at least one or moreof the following histopathologic features compared to baseline: (i)degree of pulmonary infiltration of fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts;(ii) rate of collagen deposition; (iii) degree of type II pneumocytehyperplasia; (iv) degree of smooth muscle hyperplasia, or (v) formationof fibroblastic foci (buds of young proliferating fibroblasts adjacentto alveoli). Typically, these histopathological features are morecommonly seen in subpleural regions of the lower lung zones. In someembodiments, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody is sufficientto produce a reduction of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or95% in at least one or more histopathologic feature compared tobaseline. In further embodiments, the reduction in one or morehistopathological feature is achieved in 3 weeks or less, 6 weeks orless, 9 weeks or less, 12 weeks or less, 18 weeks or less, 24 weeks orless, 36 weeks or less, 48 weeks or less, 12 months or less, 16 monthsor less, 20 months or less, or 24 months or less from starting treatmentwith an anti-CTGF antibody.

Additionally, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody additionallyrefers to the amount of an anti-CTGF antibody that is sufficient toproduce a reduction, stabilization, or reversal of at least one or moreof the following pulmonary radiographic parameters compared to baseline:(i) degree of ground glass opacities; (ii) degree of fibrosis; and (iii)degree of honeycomb appearance of pulmonary architecture. Typically,these pulmonary radiographic parameters are evaluated by HRCT scans. Forexample, see Kim et al. Clin Exp Rheumatol. (2010) 28(5 Suppl62):S26-S35; Kim et al. Eur Radiol (2011) 21: 2455-2465. As used herein,“stabilization” means the pulmonary radiographic parameter issubstantially unchanged from baseline, i.e., within the error ofmeasurement for the particular technique. As used herein, a “reduction”in a pulmonary radiographic parameter means a lessening of the severityof the parameter. Reductions of <−2% in a pulmonary radiographicparameter compared to baseline for whole lung, are categorized as“reversals.” For example, if CAD analysis of a HRCT scan from Week 24shows that the pulmonary radiographic parameter fibrosis is −5% comparedto the baseline value, then the response is categorized as a reversal ofthe extent of lung fibrosis. Reductions in pulmonary radiographicparameters can also be measured serially, e.g., a comparison of HRCTscans at Weeks 24 and 48 compared to baseline may show an initialstabilization at Week 24 that continues to a reversal of the pulmonaryradiographic parameter at Week 48.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody issufficient to produce a reduction, stabilization, or reversal in atleast one or more pulmonary radiographic parameters compared tobaseline. In other embodiments, an effective amount of an anti-CTGFantibody is sufficient to reduce at least one pulmonary radiographicparameter compared to baseline by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%,8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50%. For example,treatment with an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody reduces thepulmonary radiographic parameter ground glass opacities, fibrosis orhoney comb appearance or QILD by at least 2% for whole lung compared toa baseline measurement resulting in a reversal of the pulmonaryradiographic parameter. In further embodiments, the reduction,stabilization, or reversal in one or more pulmonary radiographicparameters is achieved in 3 weeks or less, 6 weeks or less, 9 weeks orless, 12 weeks or less, 18 weeks or less, 24 weeks or less, 36 weeks orless, 48 weeks or less, 12 months or less, 16 months or less, 20 monthsor less, or 24 months or less from starting treatment with an anti-CTGFantibody.

An effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody also refers to the amountof an anti-CTGF antibody that is sufficient to produce an extension inthe median progression-free survival or median overall survival of IPFsubjects treated with an anti-CTGF antibody over the survival seen inIPF subjects that are not treated with an anti-CTGF antibody. In someembodiments, the extension in median progression-free survival or medianoverall survival is produced with the administration of only ananti-CTGF antibody, while in other embodiments, the extension in eithertype of survival is produced through the combined treatment with ananti-CTGF antibody and one or more conventional treatments. In someembodiments, the extension in median progression-free survival or medianoverall survival is at least two weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 10 months, 12 months, 14months, 16 months, 18 months, 20 months, 24 months, 28 months, 32months, 36 months, 40 months, or 48 months beyond the medianprogression-free survival or median overall survival of conventionallytreated IPF patients, i.e., treated with corticosteroids and/orimmunosuppressive drugs or historic controls, e.g., placebo treated. Inparticular embodiments, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibodyproduces a 5-year survival rate of at least 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50%.

Further, an effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody also refers to theamount of an anti-CTGF antibody that is sufficient to decrease the riskof death due to IPF. In some embodiments, treatment with an effectiveamount of an anti-CTGF antibody reduces the 1-year risk, 2-year risk,3-year risk, 4-year risk, 5-year risk, or 10-year risk of death by atleast 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%compared to conventionally treated subjects or historic controls, i.e.,placebo treated.

An effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody additionally refers to theamount of an anti-CTGF antibody that is sufficient to produce one ormore of the following: (i) the prevention of a worsening of dyspnea;(ii) the prevention of the development of new dyspnea; (iii) thereduction in the frequency or intensity of coughing; (iv) the preventionof a worsening of hypoxemia; (v) the reduction in the number or severityof acute exacerbations of IPF; (vi) the reduction in the number ofrespiratory-related hospital admissions; (vii) the reduction in the needfor supplemental oxygen; (viii) the reduction in days of disability; or(ix) the improvement in the assessment of health-related quality of life(QoL). In particular embodiments, an effective amount on an anti-CTGFantibody reduces the frequency or intensity of coughing, reduces thenumber or severity of acute exacerbations of IPF, reduces the number ofrespiratory-related hospital admissions, reduces the need forsupplemental oxygen and/or reduces the number of days of disability byat least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% compared to conventionally treatedsubjects or historic controls, i.e., placebo treated.

A “prophylactically effective amount” is the amount of an anti-CTGFantibody that can prevent the onset of one or more symptoms orfunctional impairments associated with IPF. In some embodiments, aprophylactically effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody is the amountthat is effective in preventing a pathological rate of decline in one ormore pulmonary function parameters. In other embodiments, aprophylactically effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody is the amountthat is effective in preventing the appearance of one or more pulmonaryradiographic parameters.

Prophylactic administration is warranted in subjects that are at riskfor developing IPF including former and current smokers and subjectsthat are genetically predisposed to the development of IPF, includingthose subjects that have a family history of IPF. A prophylacticallyeffective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody used to prevent the onset ofone or more symptoms of IPF can be the same amount or a different amountfrom a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody. Insome embodiments, the prophylactically effective amount of an anti-CTGFantibody is less than the therapeutically effective amount.

In some embodiments, the combination therapy of an anti-CTGF antibodywith one or more other agents provides a synergistic improvement intherapeutic efficacy relative to the individual therapeutic agents whenadministered alone. The term “synergy” is used to describe a combinedeffect of two or more active agents that is greater than the sum of theindividual effects of each respective active agent. Thus, where thecombined effect of two or more agents results in “synergisticinhibition” of an activity or process, it is intended that theinhibition of the activity or process is greater than the sum of theinhibitory effects of each respective active agent. The term“synergistic therapeutic effect” refers to a therapeutic effect observedwith a combination of two or more therapies wherein the therapeuticeffect (as measured by any of a number of parameters) is greater thanthe sum of the individual therapeutic effects observed with therespective individual therapies.

By using the term “isolated” to describe an isolated antibody, antibodyfragment, or antibody mimetic, it is intended that the molecule is notin its natural milieu. No particular level of purification is required.Recombinantly produced molecules are considered isolated for purposes ofthe invention, as are native molecules, e.g., polyclonal antibodies,that have been separated, fractionated, or partially or substantiallypurified by any suitable technique.

As used herein, “connective tissue growth factor” and “CTGF” refer to amatricellular protein belonging to a family of proteins identified asCCN proteins (Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61), Connective tissue growth factor(CTGF), Nephroblastoma overexpressed (Nov)). This family contains sixdistinct members (CYR61 (CCN1), CTGF (CCN2), NOV (CCN3), WISP-1(wnt-1inducible secreted protein-1, CCN4), WISP-2 (CCN5), and WISP-3 (CCN6))that share a high degree of amino acid sequence homology. (See, e.g.,O'Brian et al. (1990) Mol Cell Biol 10:3569-3577; Joliot et al. (1992)Mol Cell Biol 12:10-21; Ryseck et al. (1991) Cell Growth and Diff2:225-233; Simmons et al. (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1178-1182;Pennica et al. (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:14717-14722; and Zhanget al. (1998) Mol Cell Biol 18:6131-6141.)

CTGF may also be referred to within the art as “hypertrophicchondrocyte-specific protein 24,” “insulin-like growth factor-bindingprotein,” and “CCN2.” “CTGF” further refers to a substantially purifiedCTGF derived from any species, particularly a mammalian species,including rat, rabbit, bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, andhominid, preferably the human species, and from any source, whethernatural, synthetic, semi-synthetic, or recombinant.

Although the present invention demonstrates that agents that inhibitCTGF activity are beneficial in treating IPF and/or ameliorating one ormore symptoms of IPF, the invention specifically contemplates theinhibition of the activity of other CCN family members, particularlyCyr61. In some embodiments, an antibody against Cyr61 is administered toan IPF patient for the purpose of curing or ameliorating one or moresymptoms of IPF.

Antibodies

The term “antibody” is used in the broadest sense and specificallycovers monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonalantibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g.,bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibitthe desired biological activity, and antibody mimetics.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibodyobtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies,i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identicalexcept for possible mutations, e.g., naturally occurring mutations, thatmay be present in minor amounts. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal”indicates the character of the antibody as not being a mixture ofdiscrete antibodies. In certain embodiments, such a monoclonal antibodytypically includes an antibody comprising a polypeptide sequence thatbinds a target, wherein the target-binding polypeptide sequence wasobtained by a process that includes the selection of a single targetbinding polypeptide sequence from a plurality of polypeptide sequences.For example, the selection process can be the selection of a uniqueclone from a plurality of clones, such as a pool of hybridoma clones,phage clones, or recombinant DNA clones. It should be understood that aselected target binding sequence can be further altered, for example, toimprove affinity for the target, to humanize the target bindingsequence, to improve its production in cell culture, to reduce itsimmunogenicity in vivo, to create a multispecific antibody, etc., andthat an antibody comprising the altered target binding sequence is alsoa monoclonal antibody of this invention. In contrast to polyclonalantibody preparations, which typically include different antibodiesdirected against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonalantibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against asingle determinant on an antigen.

The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody asbeing obtained from a substantially homogeneous population ofantibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of theantibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonalantibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may bemade by a variety of techniques, including, for example, the hybridomamethod (e.g., Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495-97 (1975); Harlow etal., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, 2nd ed. 1988); recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.4,816,567); phage-display technologies (see, e.g., Clackson et al.,Nature, 352: 624-628 (1991); Marks et al., J Mol Biol 222: 581-597(1992); and Lee et al., J Immunol Methods 284(1-2): 119-132(2004)), andtechnologies for producing human or human-like antibodies in animalsthat have parts or all of the human immunoglobulin loci or genesencoding human immunoglobulin sequences (see, e.g., WO 1998/24893; WO1996/34096; WO 1996/33735; WO 1991/10741; Jakobovits et al., Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 90: 2551 (1993); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,807; 5,545,806;5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; and 5,661,016).

Monoclonal antibodies specifically include “chimeric” antibodies inwhich a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with orhomologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from aparticular species or belonging to a particular antibody class orsubclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with orhomologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from anotherspecies or belonging to another antibody class or subclass (see, e.g.,U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA81:6851-6855 (1984)).

“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimericantibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-humanimmunoglobulin. In some embodiments, a humanized antibody is a humanimmunoglobulin (recipient antibody) in which residues from a one or morehypervariable regions (HVRs) of the recipient are replaced by residuesfrom one or more HVRs of a non-human species (donor antibody) such asmouse, rat, rabbit, or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity,affinity, and/or capacity. For further details, see, e.g., Jones et al.,Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988);and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,982,321 and 7,087,409.

A “human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence whichcorresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human and/or has beenmade using any of the techniques for making human antibodies (see e.g.,Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1991); Marks et al., J.Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991); Boerner et al., J. Immunol., 147(1):86-95(1991); Li et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:3557-3562 (2006) andU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,181 and 6,150,584).

A “naked antibody” for the purposes herein is an antibody that is notconjugated to a cytotoxic moiety or radiolabel. In some embodiments, theanti-CTGF antibody is a naked antibody.

The anti-CTGF antibodies of the invention may be specific for CTGFendogenous to the species of the subject to be treated or may becross-reactive with CTGF from one or more other species. In someembodiments, the antibody for use in the present methods is obtainedfrom the same species as the subject in need. In other embodiments, theantibody is a chimeric antibody wherein the constant domains areobtained from the same species as the subject in need and the variabledomains are obtained from another species. For example, in treating ahuman subject the antibody for use in the present methods may be achimeric antibody having constant domains that are human in origin andvariable domains that are mouse in origin. In preferred embodiments, theantibody for use in the present methods binds specifically to the CTGFendogenous to the species of the subject in need. Thus, in certainembodiments, the antibody is a human or humanized antibody, particularlya monoclonal antibody, that specifically binds human CTGF (GenBankAccession No. NP_001892).

Exemplary antibodies for use in the IPF treatment methods of the presentinvention are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,040;PCT/US1998/016423; PCT/US1999/029652 and International Publication No.WO 99/33878. Preferably, the anti-CTGF antibody for use in the IPFtreatment method is a monoclonal antibody. Preferably the antibody is aneutralizing antibody. In particular embodiments, the antibody is theantibody described and claimed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,405,274 and7,871,617. In some embodiments, the antibody for treatment of IPF hasthe amino acid sequence of the antibody produced by the cell lineidentified by ATCC Accession No. PTA-6006. In other embodiments, theantibody binds to CTGF competitively with an antibody produced by ATCCAccession No. PTA-6006. In further embodiments, the antibody binds tothe same epitope as the antibody produced by ATCC Accession No.PTA-6006. A particular antibody for use in the IPF treatment methods isCLN1 or mAb1 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,274, or an antibodysubstantially equivalent thereto or derived therefrom. In someembodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody is CLN1, an antibody identical tothe antibody produced by the cell line identified by ATCC Accession No.PTA-6006 that is encompassed by the claims of U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,405,274and 7,871,617.

As referred to herein, the phrase “an antibody that specifically bindsto CTGF” includes any antibody that binds to CTGF with high affinity.Affinity can be calculated from the following equation:

${Affinity}{= {K_{a} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {{Ab} \cdot {Ag}} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {Ab} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {Ag} \right\rbrack} = \frac{1}{K_{d}}}}}$

where [Ab] is the concentration of the free antigen binding site on theantibody, [Ag] is the concentration of the free antigen, [Ab.Ag] is theconcentration of occupied antigen binding sites, K_(a) is theassociation constant of the complex of antigen with antigen bindingsite, and K_(d) is the dissociation constant of the complex. Ahigh-affinity antibody typically has an affinity at least on the orderof 10⁸ M⁻¹, 10⁹ M⁻¹ or 10¹⁰ M⁻¹. In particular embodiments, an antibodyfor use in the present methods will have a binding affinity for CTGFbetween of 10⁸ M⁻¹ and 10¹⁰ M⁻¹, between 10⁸ M⁻¹ and 10⁹ M⁻¹ or between10⁹M⁻¹ and 10¹⁰ M⁻¹. In some embodiments the high-affinity antibody hasan affinity of about 10⁸ M⁻¹, 10⁹ M⁻¹ or 10¹⁰ M⁻¹.

“Antibody fragments” comprise a functional fragment or portion of anintact antibody, preferably comprising an antigen binding regionthereof. A functional fragment of an antibody will be a fragment withsimilar (not necessarily identical) specificity and affinity to theantibody which it is derived. Non-limiting examples of antibodyfragments include Fab, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments that can be producedthrough enzymatic digestion of whole antibodies, e.g., digestion withpapain, to produce Fab fragments. Other non-limiting examples includeengineered antibody fragments such as diabodies (Holliger P et al. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 6444-6448); linear antibodies (Zapata etal. 1995 Protein Eng, 8(10):1057-1062); single-chain antibody molecules(Bird K D et al. Science, 1988, 242: 423-426); single domain antibodies,also known as nanobodies (Ghahoudi M A et al. FEBS Lett. 1997, 414:521-526); domain antibodies (Ward E S et al. Nature. 1989, 341:544-546); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

Antibody Mimetics

Antibody mimetics are proteins, typically in the range of 3-25 kD, thatare designed to bind an antigen with high specificity and affinity likean antibody, but are structurally unrelated to antibodies. Frequently,antibody mimetics are based on a structural motif or scaffold that canbe found as a single or repeated domain from a larger biomolecule.Examples of domain-derived antibody mimetics include AdNectins thatutilize the 10th fibronectin III domain (Lipovšek D. Protein Eng DesSel, 2010, 24:3-9); Affibodies that utilize the Z domain ofstaphylococcal protein A (Nord K et al. Nat Biotechnol. 1997, 15:772-777), and DARPins that utilize the consensus ankyrin repeat domain(Amstutz P. Protein Eng Des Sel. 2006, 19:219-229). Alternatively,antibody mimetics can also be based on the entire structure of a smallerbiomolecule, such as Anticalins that utilize the lipocalin structure(Beste G et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 5:1898-1903). In someembodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody is an antibody mimetic.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The anti-CTGF antibodies, including antibody fragments and antibodymimetics, used in the methods of the present invention can be delivereddirectly or in pharmaceutical compositions containing carriers and/orexcipients, as is well known in the art. The anti-CTGF antibodies may beadministered intravenously as a bolus or by continuous infusion over aperiod of time. Alternately, the anti-CTGF antibodies may beadministered by intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, subdermal orintraperitoneal injection, topical administration, oral administrationor by inhalation. The route of administration may influence the type andcomposition of the formulation used in the anti-CTGF antibodypreparation. Pharmaceutical compositions of particular interest includecompositions suitable for injectable use and compositions suitable fornebulization or aerosolization.

The composition can be a liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, tablet,pill, capsule, sustained release formulation, powder, or lyophilizedcake. Injectable forms include sterile aqueous solutions, dispersionsand sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterileinjectable solutions or dispersions.

Anti-CTGF antibody formulations for use in accordance with the presentinvention may be prepared by mixing an anti-CTGF antibody withpharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers that arenontoxic to subjects at the dosages and concentrations employed.Anti-CTGF antibody formulations may include buffers such as phosphate,citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acidand methionine; preservatives such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammoniumchloride, hexamethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, benzethoniumchloride, phenol, or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens including methyl orpropyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol, 3-pentanol, andm-cresol; carriers; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone;monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates includingglucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugarssuch as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-formingcounter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes; and/or non-ionicsurfactants or polyethylene glycol.

In particular, anti-CTGF antibody formulations may further comprise lowmolecular weight polypeptides; carriers such as serum albumin, gelatin,or immunoglobulins; and amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine. The anti-CTGF antibodyformulations can be lyophilized as described in PCT/US1996/012251.Additionally, sustained-release preparations may also be prepared.Frequently, polymers such as poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), orcopolymers thereof serve as controlled/sustained release matrices, inaddition to others well known in the art.

Numerous other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, andstabilizers are available in the art, some of which are listed invarious pharmacopoeias, e.g., US Pharmacopeia, Japanese Pharmacopeia,European Pharmacopeia, and British Pharmacopeia. Other sources includeGennaro, ed. (2000) Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra; andGoodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10^(th)Ed. (2001), Hardman, Limbird, and Gilman, eds. MacGraw Hill Intl.; theInactive Ingredient Search database maintained by the FDA and theHandbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, ed. Ash, Synapse InformationResources, Inc., 3rd Ed. 2007.

Compositions formulated for parenteral administration by injection areusually sterile and can be presented in unit dosage forms, e.g., inampoules, syringes, injection pens, or in multi-dose containers, thelatter usually containing a preservative. In certain instances, such aswith a lyophilized product or a concentrate, the parenteral formulationwould be reconstituted or diluted prior to administration.

The anti-CTGF antibodies can be supplied or administered at any desiredconcentration. In some embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody concentrationis at least 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, or 200 mg/ml. In otherembodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody concentration is no more than about5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml,125 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, or 300 mg/ml. In furtherembodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody concentration is between 5 mg/ml to20 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml to 200mg/ml, or 200 mg/ml to 300 mg/ml.

Dosage

A therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody can beadministered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages.The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influencethe dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, includingbut not limited to the severity or extent of the disease, theadministration route, previous treatments, concurrent medications,performance status, weight, gender, race or ethnicity, and/or age of thesubject.

In some embodiments, the method for treating IPF in a subject in needthereof comprises administering at least 0.5 g, at least 1.0 g, at least1.5 g, at least 2.0 g, at least 2.5 g, or at least 3.0 g of an anti-CTGFantibody per a one, two, or three week period. In specific embodiments,the anti-CTGF antibody is administered at a dose of about 1.05 g orabout 2.1 g every three weeks, based on a 70 kg standard man.

In a further embodiment, the method for treating IPF in a subject inneed thereof comprises administering at least 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg of ananti-CTGF antibody per a per a one, two, or three week period. Inparticular embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody is administered at a doseof about 15 mg/kg or about 30 mg/kg every three weeks.

In some embodiments, a method for treating IPF presented herein involvesthe administration to a subject in need thereof of an anti-CTGF antibodyat a dose that achieves a target plasma concentration of the anti-CTGFantibody in the subject. In some embodiments, the target plasmaconcentration of an anti-CTGF antibody is a maximum antibodyconcentration (C_(max)) in the plasma, typically seen immediately afteri.v. administration to the subject. In particular embodiments, themethod for treating IPF achieves a C_(max) of at least 10 μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 100 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL, or 400 μg/mL.

In other embodiments, the target plasma concentration is a minimumantibody concentration (C_(min)) in the plasma, also known as a troughantibody concentration, that is typically measured immediately before asubsequent antibody administration to the subject. In some embodiments,the C_(min) plasma concentration of the anti-CTGF antibody is at least0.1 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml,50 μg/ml, 60 μg/ml, 70 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 90 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml,150 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 300 μg/ml, or 400 μg/ml. In further embodiments,C_(min) is measured for a treatment cycle of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 28days. In a particular embodiment, the C_(min) is at least 10.0 μg/mLwhen measured at about 21 days after administration of an anti-CTGFantibody dose.

In further embodiments, a method for treating IPF in a subject in needthereof comprises the administration of an anti-CTGF antibody at a dosethat achieves a target antibody exposure (area under the curve, AUC)over a specific time period. Typically, AUC is expressed as μg*h/ml. Insome embodiments, a method for treating IPF in a subject in need thereofcomprises the administration to a subject an anti-CTGF antibody at adose that achieves an AUC in plasma of at least 1,000 μg*h/ml, 10,000μg*h/ml, 25,000 μg*h/ml, 50,000 μg*h/ml, 60,000 μg*h/ml, 80,000 μg*h/ml,100,000 μg*h/ml, 120,000 μg*h/ml, or 140,000 μg*h/ml. In someembodiments, the AUC is calculated from about 0-4 days, 0-5 days, 0-6days, 0-7 days, 0-8 days, 0-9 days, 0-10 days, 0-11 days, 0-12 days,0-13 days, 0-14 days, 0-16 days, 0-18 days 0-21 days, or 0-28 days. In aparticular embodiment, the AUC is at least 1,000 μg*h/ml when measuredfrom 0-21 days post-administration (AUC₀₋₂₁).

To achieve or exceed a desired plasma anti-CTGF antibody concentration,i.e., C_(max), C_(min), or AUC, an anti-CTGF antibody or apharmaceutical composition thereof may be administered at a dose from0.5 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg, i.e., 0.5 mg of an anti-CTGF antibody/kg patientbody weight to 60 mg of an anti-CTGF antibody/kg patient body weight,depending upon the route of administration. In particular embodiments, adesired plasma anti-CTGF antibody concentration can be achieved orexceeded with an i.v. administration of a dose of at least 5 mg/kg, 10mg/kg 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg. In specific embodiments, a desired plasmaanti-CTGF antibody concentration can be achieved or exceeded with anadministration of an anti-CTGF antibody at a dose of about 15 mg/kg or30 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, the patient is treated for a minimum of 2 weeks, 3weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 36 weeks, 40 weeks, 48 weeks, 1year, or 2 years. In other embodiments, the patient is treated every 1week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks, or12 weeks as indicated by the patient's healthcare practitioner. Inadditional embodiments, the patient is treated for a maximum of 6 weeks,9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21 weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30weeks, 36 weeks, 40 weeks, 48 weeks, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years,or 5 years. In further embodiments, the treatment duration is between 1week to 24 weeks, 24 weeks to 48 weeks, 48 weeks to 2 years, 3 weeks to2 years or 3 weeks to 3 years.

In some embodiments, the subject's anti-CTGF antibody plasmaconcentration is titrated, i.e., the anti-CTGF antibody dose may beadjusted so to achieve or exceed a target plasma concentration that isassociated with a desired therapeutic response. In some embodiments, amethod is provided for treating IPF in a subject in need thereofcomprising: a) administering a first dose of an anti-CTGF antibody; b)measuring a first anti-CTGF antibody plasma concentration in thepatient; c) comparing the first anti-CTGF antibody plasma concentrationto a first target anti-CTGF antibody plasma concentration; and d)administering a second dose of the anti-CTGF antibody calculated toachieve or exceed the first target anti-CTGF antibody plasmaconcentration when a second measurement of anti-CTGF antibody plasmaconcentration is performed at substantially the same time intervalpost-administration as the measurement of the first antibody plasmaconcentration. In particular embodiments, the first target anti-CTGFantibody plasma concentration is 0.1 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 10μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, or 40 μg/mL when measured 21 days post-administration.

In some embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody is administered at least twotimes with the first dose being a loading dose and the second andsubsequent doses being maintenance doses. The term “loading dose” asused herein refers to an initial antibody dose administered within a settime period to rapidly achieve a desired therapeutic antibodyconcentration or associated therapeutic effect.

In some embodiments, the loading dose is at least 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 12.5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 22.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg,35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 55 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, or 100mg/kg. In other embodiments, the loading dose is the antibody dose thatis sufficient to achieve an antibody concentration in plasma of at least0.1 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml,40 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 60 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml,150 μg/m, or 200 μg/ml when measured about 21 days post-administration(C_(min)).

The term “maintenance dose” as used herein refers to an antibody dosesufficient to maintain a desired therapeutic antibody concentration orassociated therapeutic effect that was achieved with the loading dose.For example, a maintenance dose may maintain a reduction, stabilizationor reversal in the pathologic rate of decline in FVC that was achievedwith a loading dose. Typically, the maintenance dose is lower than theloading dose.

In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is administered at least about1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, or 24 weeks post-administrationof the loading dose. In other embodiments, the maintenance dose isadministered no more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20,or 24 weeks post-administration of the loading dose. In furtherembodiments, the maintenance dose is administered within about 1 to 2weeks, 1 to 3 weeks, 1 to 4 weeks, 1 to 6 weeks, 1 to 8 weeks, 2 to 10weeks, 6 to 12 weeks, 10 to 20 weeks, or 12 to 25 weekspost-administration of the loading dose.

In some embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody or a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the antibody is administered through a bolusinjection intravenously. In other embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody isadministered as an infusion that can be for a duration of not less than10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, or 8hours. In further embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody is administeredsubcutaneously in a concentrated form. In other embodiments, theanti-CTGF antibody is administered as an aerosolized powder or anebulized solution for inhalation.

In specific embodiments, a method for treating IPF presented hereininvolves the administration to a subject in need thereof of an anti-CTGFantibody or a pharmaceutical composition thereof at a dosage and/or afrequency of administration that produces a functional outcome, e.g.,reversal of decline in FVC. In other embodiments, a method for treatingIPF presented herein involves the administration to a subject in needthereof of an anti-CTGF antibody or a pharmaceutical composition thereofat a dosage and/or a frequency of administration that produces anoutcome that can be imaged such as a reduction or reversal in apulmonary radiographic parameter or inflammation, as assessed by HRCTscan, chest x-ray, histopathologically, or another modality.

Subjects Suitable for Treatment

The methods of the invention are appropriate for the treatment ofsubjects diagnosed with IPF or UIP using any method recognized in theart including HRCT, chest x-rays, transbronchial biopsy and/or surgicallung biopsy. The methods of the invention are also appropriate for thetreatment of subjects suspected of having IPF based on the presence ofone or more characteristics known in the art to be indicative of thepresence of IPF. These characteristics include progressive dyspnea andcough, bibasilar inspiratory crackles, digital clubbing, andnon-specific bilateral, reticular infiltrates in the periphery of thelower lung zones visible on a chest radiograph. Further characteristicsindicative of IPF include reduced lung volumes, a proportionatereduction in the pulmonary diffusing capacity or a normal to increasedFEV1/FVC ratio demonstrated in pulmonary function tests. Othercharacteristics indicative of IPF include resting arterial bloodhypoxemia, oxyhaemoglobin desaturation, or an increasedalveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference, any of which may worsenwith exercise. Additional abnormalities during exercise that mayindicate the presence of IPF include reduced peak oxygen consumption,diminished ventilatory reserve, high-frequency/low tidal volumebreathing pattern, and high submaximal ventilation related in part toelevated physiologic dead space and arterial desaturation. A furthercharacteristic indicative for IPF is the presence of pulmonaryhypertension.

In some embodiments, one or more of the following pulmonary functionparameters are used to select subjects for therapy with an anti-CTGFantibody or to monitor response to anti-CTGF antibody therapy: VC, FVC,FVC % predicted, RV, FEV, PEFR, IRV, FIF, FRC, IC, TLC, ERV, TV, or MVV.In particular embodiments, the pulmonary function parameters TLC, FVC,and FVC % predicted are used to select and/or monitor subjects.

Subjects that are particularly suited for treatment with the method ofthe invention are those that have a FVC % predicted value of at least35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 63%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%of a normal person of similarly matched race or ethnicity, gender, age,height and weight. In other embodiments, subjects suitable for treatmentwith the method of the invention are those that have a FVC % predictedvalue of not more than 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, or 95%. In further embodiments, subjects suitable for treatmenthave a FVC % predicted value of between 40% to 95%, 50% to 90%, 55% to85%, 60% to 80%, 55% to 80%, 60% to 70%, 70% to 90%, 60% to 90%, or 70%to 95%. In particular embodiments, the subjects have a FVC % predictedvalue of about 55%-85%.

Additional subjects that are particularly suited to treatment with themethod of the invention are those that have at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the predicted TLC of anormal person of similarly matched race or ethnicity, gender, age,height and weight. In other embodiments, subjects suitable for treatmentwith the method of the invention are those that have a not more than40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of thepredicted TLC. In further embodiments, subjects suitable for treatmenthave between 40% to 95%, 45% to 90%, 50% to 85%, 55% to 85%, 50% to 70%,60% to 80%, or 70% to 95% of the predicted TLC.

Further subjects that are particularly suited to treatment with themethod of the invention are those that have at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the predicted FEV1 of anormal person of similarly matched race or ethnicity, gender, age,height and weight. In other embodiments, subjects suitable for treatmentwith the method of the invention are those that have a not more than40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of thepredicted FEV1. In further embodiments, subjects suitable for treatmenthave between 40% to 95%, 45% to 90%, 50% to 85%, 55% to 85%, 50% to 70%,60% to 80%, or 70% to 95% of the predicted FEV1.

In further embodiments, the subjects suitable for treatment with ananti-CTGF antibody have a pathologic rate of decline in one or morepulmonary function parameters of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%,700%, 800% or 1,000% over the expected rate of decline for a normalperson of similarly matched race or ethnicity, gender, age, height andweight.

Subjects that are particularly suited for treatment with the method ofthe invention further include those that have a DLCO % predicted valuecorrected for blood hemoglobin of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. In other embodiments,subjects suitable for treatment with the method of the invention arethose that have a DLCO % predicted value corrected for blood hemoglobinof at least 25%, but not more than 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. In further embodiments, subjects suitablefor treatment have a DLCO % predicted value corrected for bloodhemoglobin between 30% to 95%, 40% to 90%, 45% to 85%, 50% to 90% or 60%to 80%.

Additional subjects that are particularly suited for treatment with themethod of the invention are those that have a SaO₂ of at least 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In otherembodiments, subjects suitable for treatment with the method of theinvention are those that have a SaO₂ of at least 70%, but not more than80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. Infurther embodiments, subjects suitable for treatment have a SaO₂ ofbetween 70% to 95%, 70% to 99%, or 80% to 99%.

Other subjects that are particularly suited for treatment with themethod of the invention are those that have a [A−a] PO₂ of at least 10mmHg, 20 mmHg, 30 mmHg, 40 mmHg, 50 mmHg, 75 mmHg, 100 mmHg, 125 mmHg,150 mmHg, 175 mmHg, 200 mmHg, or 250 mmHg. In other embodiments,subjects suitable for treatment have a [A−a] PO₂ between 10 mmHg to 50mmHg, 10 mmHg to 100 mmHg, 10 mmHg to 200 mmHg, 20 mmHg to 250 mmHg, 50mmHg to 250 mmHg, or 100 mmHg to 250 mmHg.

Further subjects that are particularly suited to treatment with themethod of the invention are those subjects that are not more than 20years old, 25 years old, 30 years old, 35 years old, 40 years old, 45years old, 50 years old, 55 years old, 60 years old, 65 years old, 70years old, 75 years old, 80 years old, 85 years old, or 90 years old. Inother embodiments, subjects that are particularly suited to treatmentwith the method of the invention are those subjects that are not lessthan 20 years old, 25 years old, 30 years old, 35 years old, 40 yearsold, 45 years old, 50 years old, 55 years old, 60 years old, 65 yearsold, 70 years old, 75 years old, 80 years old, 85 years old, or 90 yearsold. In further embodiments, subjects that are particularly suited totreatment with the method of the invention are those subjects that arebetween 30 years old to 80 years old, 40 years old to 90 years old, 50years old to 100 years old or 55 years old to 95 years old.

The methods are also suitable for the treatment of subjects with IPF whowere previously treated with conventional therapies, includingcorticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs, and failed to respond.

The methods of the invention are additionally suitable for subjects whoare at risk of developing IPF. Those at risk include former and currentsmokers; those of the male gender; those with an age of 60 years ormore; those with gastroesophageal reflux disease or those with a geneticpredisposition for developing IPF.

Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the methods for treating IPF provided hereininvolve administration of an anti-CTGF antibody in combination with oneor more additional therapies. As used herein, the term “in combination”refers to the administration of the anti-CTGF antibody prior to,concurrent with, or subsequent to the administration of one or moreadditional therapies for use in treating IPF. The use of the term “incombination” does not restrict the order in which the anti-CTGF antibodyand the one or more additional therapies are administered to a subject.The additional therapies may be administered by the same route or adifferent route of administration than used for the anti-CTGF antibody.

Current drug therapies for IPF include the administration ofanti-inflammatories and immunosuppressives. Anti-inflammatory drugsinclude corticosteroids such as beclomethasone, betamethasone,budesonide, clobetasol, flunisolide, fluocinolone, fluocinonide,fluticasone, halobetasol, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone,mometasone, prednisolone, prednisone, and triamcinolone. In someembodiments, the corticosteroid is administered as an aerosol, while, inother embodiments, the corticosteroid is administered orally. Inparticular embodiments, an anti-CTGF antibody is administered incombination with prednisone.

Anti-inflammatory drugs further include non-steroidalanti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as non-selective COX inhibitors andselective COX-2 inhibitors. Non-selective COX inhibitors include but arenot limited to salicylic acid derivatives (e.g., aspirin, sodiumsalicylates, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal,sulfasalazine, mesalamine and olsalazine), para-aminophenol derivatives(e.g., acetaminophen), indole and indene acetic acids (e.g., tolmetin,diclofenac, and ketorolac), heteroaryl acetic acids (e.g., abuprofen,flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, fenprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, andoxaprozin), anthranilic acids or fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid andmeclofenamic acid), enolic acids (e.g., oxicams such as piroxicam andmeloxicam), and alkanones (e.g., nabumetone). Selective COX-2 inhibitorsinclude, but are not limited to, diaryl-substituted furanones (e.g.,rofecoxib), diaryl-substituted pyrazoles (e.g., celecoxib), indoleacetic acids (e.g., etodolac), and sulfonanilides (e.g., nimesulide).

In further embodiments, the methods of the invention include theadministration of an anti-CTGF antibody in combination of with one ormore TNF inhibitors that include, but are not limited to, etanercept(Enbrel®), adalimumab (HUMIRA®), or infliximab (Remicade®).

Examples of immunosuppressive drugs that can be administered incombination with anti-CTGF antibodies include, but are not limited to,methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mizoribine, chlorambucil, cyclosporine,tacrolimus (FK506; ProGraf™), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept®),azathioprine (6-mercaptopurine), sirolimus (rapamycin), deoxyspergualin,leflunomide, and its malononitriloamide analogs. In some embodiments,the anti-CTGF antibody is administered in combination with azathioprine.In other embodiments, one or more immunosuppressive drugs areadministered as an aerosol. (See U.S. Pat. No. 8,158,110.)

In some embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibodies may be administered incombination with one or more antioxidants. Antioxidant agents include,but are not limited to, glutathione, taurine, niacin, andN-acetylcysteine (NAC). In particular embodiments, the anti-CTGFantibody is administered in combination with NAC. In furtherembodiments, the anti-CTGF antibodies may be administered in combinationwith one or more anti-fibrotic agents, including, but not limited to,colchicine, relaxin, halfuginone, suramin, prostaglandin E2, ord-penicillamine.

In further embodiments, an anti-CTGF antibody is administered incombination with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected fromthe group consisting of: pirfenidone (Esbriet®); intedanib (Vargatef®);an anti-(human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) antibody, e.g.,Carlumab; an anti-IL13 antibody, e.g., QAX-576, thalidomide; a c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, e.g., CC-930; an anti-CD 20 antibody,e.g., Rituximab®, interferon-gamma 1b (Actimmune®); imatinib mesylate(Gleevac®); inhaled carbon monoxide; azathioprine; an anti-TGF-βantibody, e.g., GC1008; recombinant human serum amyloid P/pentraxin 2(PRM-151); placental mesenchymal stem cells; minocycline; an anti-lysyloxidase-like 2 (LOXL20) antibody, e.g., GS 6624; a 5-lipoxygenaseinhibitor, e.g., Zileuton®; octreotide (Sandostatin®); a copperchelating agent (tetrathiomolybdate); an endothelin receptor antagonist,e.g., bosentan; a lysophosphatidic acid 1 (LPA1) receptor antagonist,e.g., AM152; and an angiotensin II receptor antagnonist, e.g.,Losartan®. Combination treatment further includes the aerosolizedadministration of an additional agent, such as interferon-γ (U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/319,851).

In specific embodiments, the interval of time between the administrationof an anti-CTGF antibody and the administration of one or moreadditional therapies may be about 0 to 15 minutes, 0 to 30 minutes, 30minutes to 60 minutes, 1 to 2 hours, 2 to 6 hours, 2 to 12 hours, 12 to24 hours, 1 to 2 days, 2 to 4 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4weeks, 4 to 12 weeks, 12 to 24 weeks, or 24 to 52 weeks. In certainembodiments, an anti-CTGF antibody and one or more additional therapiesare administered less than 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, onemonth, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, or 1 year apart.

In certain embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody is administered incombination with a medication for controlling or relieving symptomsassociated with IPF. In some embodiments, the symptom associated withIPF is coughing, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), weight loss,fatigue, or malaise. In further embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody isadministered in combination with pulmonary rehabilitation that mayinclude exercise, nutritional counseling, smoking cessation counseling,psychological counseling, group counseling, breathing techniques, ortechniques for conserving energy. In other embodiments, the anti-CTGFantibody is administered in combination with oxygen therapy orsupplemental oxygen. In further embodiments, the anti-CTGF antibody isadministered in combination with immunization to prevent influenza orpneumnococcal infection.

In some embodiments, the interval of time between the administration ofan anti-CTGF antibody and the administration of one or more supportiveor symptomatic therapies may be about 0 to 15 minutes, 0 to 30 minutes,30 minutes to 60 minutes, 1 to 2 hours, 2 to 6 hours, 2 to 12 hours, 12to 24 hours, 1 to 2 days, 2 to 4 days, 4 to 7 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 2 to 4weeks, 4 to 12 weeks, 12 to 24 weeks, or 24 to 52 weeks. In certainembodiments, an anti-CTGF antibody and one or more support orsymptomatic therapies for IPF symptoms are administered less than 1 day,1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, one month, 2 months, 3 months, 6months, or 1 year apart.

In some embodiments, the administration of an anti-CTGF antibody and oneor more additional therapies have an additive effect, while in otherembodiments the combination of therapies have a synergistic effect. Inspecific embodiments, a synergistic effect of a combination therapypermits the use of lower dosages (e.g., sub-optimal conventional doses)of the additional therapy, e.g., prednisone. In other embodiments, thesynergistic effect of a combination therapy allows for a less frequentadministration of the additional therapy to a subject. In certainembodiments, the ability to utilize lower dosages of an additionaltherapy and/or to administer the additional therapy less frequentlyreduces the toxicity associated with the administration of theadditional therapy, without reducing the efficacy of the additionaltherapy. In some embodiments, a synergistic effect results in improvedefficacy of an anti-CTGF antibody and/or the additional therapies intreating IPF. In some embodiments, the treatment method reduces,stabilizes or reverses pulmonary fibrosis in a subject with IPF withoutproducing the number or severity of adverse events that are associatedwith the use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.

The combination of an anti-CTGF antibody and one or more additionaltherapies can be administered to a subject in the same pharmaceuticalcomposition. Alternatively, an anti-CTGF antibody and one or moreadditional therapies can be administered concurrently to a subject inseparate pharmaceutical compositions. An anti-CTGF antibody and one ormore additional therapies may also be administered to a subject by thesame or different routes of administration.

Articles of Manufacture

The present compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack ordispenser device containing one or more unit dosage forms containing theanti-CTGF antibody. Such a pack or device may, for example, comprisemetal or plastic foil, glass and rubber stoppers, such as in vials, orsyringes. The container holds or contains an anti-CTGF antibodycomposition that is effective for treating IPF and may have a sterileaccess port (for example the container may be an intravenous solutionbag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injectionneedle). The container holding the anti-CTGF antibody compositions mayfurther be labeled for the treatment of IPF. The pack or dispenserdevice may be accompanied by instructions for administration includingspecific guidance regarding dosing amounts for the anti-CTGF antibody.

The article of manufacture may further comprise an additional containercomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent buffer, such asbacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline,Ringer's solution, and/or dextrose solution. The article of manufacturemay further include other materials desirable from a commercial and userstandpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, andsyringes.

These and other embodiments of the present invention will readily occurto those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be further understood by reference to the followingexamples, which are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention.The present invention is not limited in scope by the exemplifiedembodiments, which are intended as illustrations of single aspects ofthe invention only. Any methods that are functionally equivalent arewithin the scope of the invention. Various modifications of theinvention in addition to those described herein will become apparent tothose skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanyingfigures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of theappended claims.

Example 1: A Phase I Study of Anti-CTGF Monoclonal Antibody CLN1 inIdiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

A Phase I, open-label, single-dose, sequential-group, dose-escalationstudy of CLN1 was performed in 21 subjects with well-defined IPF. Thesubjects were Caucasians with a mean±SD age of 63±9 years (range, 42-79years); and 76% were males. The mean duration of IPF at study entry was571±608 days (range, 64-2893 days).

A human anti-CTGF antibody, CLN1, was infused intravenously over 2 hoursat a dose of 1 mg/kg (n=6), 3 mg/kg (n=9), and 10 mg/kg (n=6). All dosesof CLN1 were well tolerated with no infusion-related or dose-limitingtoxicity observed. The subjects were monitored for safety for up to 1year following administration where all doses of CLN1 demonstratedacceptable safety profiles.

Baseline pulmonary function parameter testing (TLC, RV, FVC, FEV1) andblood gas measurements (DLCO, [A−a] PO₂, and SaO₂) were performed days−15 to −4 pretreatment. (Table 1) Subjects demonstrated significantlycompromised pulmonary function parameters with a pattern of restrictiveventilatory dysfunction with reduced gas transfer.

Following treatment with the anti-CTGF antibody, subjects were retestedfor pulmonary function parameters and blood gas measurements 28 days, 6months and 1 year after treatment. No significant mean changes frombaseline pulmonary function parameters were seen in any dose group 28days post-treatment (Table 1). Further, 5 (23.8%) subjects hadclinically significant negative changes in FVC values, defined as adecrease of >10% from baseline; and 3 (14.3%) had a >10% decrease intotal lung capacity (TLC) values. No subjects had an increase in FVC orTLC values >10% within 28 days post-treatment. Additionally, nosignificant mean changes in blood gas measurements were seen in any dosegroup 28 days post-treatment (Table 1). In two (9.5%) subjects, DLCOdecreased >10% from baseline. In three (14.3%) subjects, (A−a) PO₂increased 12-16 mmHg from baseline to Day 28.

TABLE 1 Pulmonary function test results at baseline and Day 28 CLN1 DoseGroup (mg/kg) Time of 1 3 10 Parameter Assessment (n = 6) (n = 9) (n =6) TLC (1) Baseline 4.23 (0.76) 4.27 (1.29) 4.30 (1.25) Day 28 4.14(0.89) 4.30 (1.25) 4.14 (1.27) TLC % of predicted value (%) Baseline63.8 (13.7) 67.4 (13.7) 63.8 (14.6) FVC (1) Baseline 2.58 (0.54) 2.87(1.05) 2.76 (0.79) Day 28 2.45 (0.58) 2.72 (1.03) 2.81 (0.78) FVC % ofpredicted value, % Baseline 61.7 (16.3) 69.2 (16.0) 60.5 (13.0) FEV₁ (1)Baseline 2.09 (0.41) 2.30 (0.72) 2.15 (0.62) Day 28 2.01 (0.53) 2.26(0.78) 2.12 (0.67) FEV₁/FVC % Baseline 81.0 (8.3) 81.8 (6.5) 78.2 (8.7)DLCO (mL/mmHg/min) Baseline 10.9 (2.0) 11.4 (4.5) 13.1 (3.1) (correctedfor Hgb) Day 28 10.6 (1.8) 11.2 (5.0) 15.8 (4.8) DLCO % of predictedvalue (%) Baseline 36.3 (9.2) 38.1 (10.3) 42.0 (14.1) SaO2 (%) Baseline92.3 (5.5) 93.4 (2.5) 96.0 (1.3) Day 28 92.5 (5.9) 92.8 (4.1) 96.3 (2.0)(A-a) PO₂ (mmHg) Baseline 24.0 (8.8) 25.6 (18.6) 48.8 (28.1) Day 28 20.8(9.2) 27.9 (16.1) 38.3 (23.3) Data are presented as mean (standarddeviation). TLC: total lung capacity; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV₁:forced expiratory volume in 1 second; Hgb: haemoglobin; DLCO: diffusingcapacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; SaO2: arterial oxyhaemoglobinsaturation; (A-a) PO₂: alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient.

At the end of the 12-month follow-up period, 15 of the 21 (71.4%)subjects had completed the final 12-month protocol-specifiedassessments. Of the remaining six (28.6%) subjects, three had died fromprogressive disease, two had withdrawn consent, and one was withdrawn bythe investigator because of worsening IPF, requiring bilateral lungtransplant. Throughout the 6- and 12-month follow-up periods, themajority of subjects continued to display signs of disease progressionincluding increased respiratory abnormalities and clinically significantchanges in pulmonary function parameters and blood gas measurements.

Example 2: A Phase 2a, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study to Evaluate theSafety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of CLN1 in Subjects with IdiopathicPulmonary Fibrosis Study Design

The study is a Phase 2a, open-label, single-arm multicenter trial insubjects with moderate to severe IPF. The safety, tolerability, andefficacy of an anti-CTGF antibody (CLN1) at a dose of 15 mg/kg every 3weeks were studied in 46 subjects that completed 12 weeks of treatment,32 subjects that completed 24 weeks of treatment, and 15 subjects thatcompleted 36 weeks of treatment.

The planned initial duration of a subject's participation is 60 weeks,including a screening period of up to 6 weeks, a 45-week treatmentperiod, and a 9-week follow-up period. As the preliminary resultsdemonstrated disease stabilization or reversal in a sub-population ofsubjects, the study was expanded to provide these responding subjectswith the option to continue treatment for an additional year.

Eligible subjects, 35 to 80 years of age, required a clinical diagnosisof IPF as defined by the American Thoracic Society and EuropeanRespiratory Society international consensus statement (Am J Respir CritCare Med (2000) 161: (2 Pt 1):646-664), along with one of the following:an HRCT scan obtained during screening that showed definite IPF, or anHRCT scan obtained during screening that was consistent with IPF plus asurgical lung biopsy within 36 months prior to enrollment that showeddefinite usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). The diagnosis of IPF neededto be <5 years' duration, and subjects needed to have evidence ofprogression of IPF within the 3 to 12 months preceding enrollmentexpressed as a worsening of disease based on HRCT scans, a decline inFVC % predicted by at least 10%, or other objective evidence of diseaseprogression. Inclusion criteria further included the requirement of10%-50% parenchymal fibrosis by HRCT; less than 25% honeycombing withinthe whole lung; a FVC % predicted of between 45%-85%; and a DLCO %predicted of greater than 30%.

Eligible subjects underwent an initial screening evaluation thatincluded a review of each individual's medical history and availablechest imaging studies. The screening evaluation further included acomplete physical examination and baseline clinical laboratorymeasurements. Eligible subjects returned for a chest HRCT scan todetermine if radiographic criteria for the extent of lung fibrosis weremet. Subjects that remained eligible were enrolled into the study andbegan treatment. Subjects are monitored for safety after each infusion.Enrollment closed after 54 subjects were entered.

The initial anti-CTGF antibody dose (CLN1) was based on the Day 1 weightfor the first 12 weeks. Subsequent doses of the anti-CTGF antibody werebased on the first weight at the beginning of each subsequent 12-weekperiod. The first administration of anti-CTGF antibody was given in noless than 2 hours. If the first administration was well tolerated and nodrug-related adverse events (AEs) were observed during the infusion orsubsequent 1-hour observation period, the second administration of theanti-CTGF antibody was given in no less than 1 hour. If the secondadministration was well tolerated and without drug-related AEs, allsubsequent infusion periods were shortened to no less than half an hour.

Clinical laboratory tests to assess safety were performed at the firstscreening visit, at every visit for the first three infusions and thencontinued at 6-week intervals. Clinical laboratory tests are performedthrough Week 48. Efficacy parameters (pulmonary function parameters,blood gas measurements and patient reported outcomes (dyspnea and QoL))are assessed at Weeks 12, 24, 36 and 48. Chest HRCT are obtained at Week24 and Week 48.

Pulmonary function parameters were analyzed for change from baseline(determination of the rate of decline) in FVC, FVC % predicted, TLC, andFRC. DLCO was analyzed for change from baseline (determination of therate of decline) in DLCO % or DLCO % predicted, adjusted for hemoglobin.

Follow-up HRCT scans at Week 24 were compared with the baseline HRCTscan by visual scoring (“better,” “no change,” “worse”) in a blindedmanner. The follow-up HRCT scans were also compared with the baselineHRCT scan through a CAD analysis scoring system (MedQIA, Los Angeles,Calif.) that is similar to that disclosed by Kim et al. (Kim et al. ClinExp Rheumatol. (2010) 28(5 Suppl 62):S26-S35; Kim et al. Eur Radiol(2011) 21: 2455-2465). The percent change in three pulmonaryradiographic parameters were measured: ground glass opacities, fibrosisand honeycomb formation by lung zone or lobe and also for the wholelung. Additionally, QILD was also calculated for each subject.

Data

A preliminary analysis of data is presented below. The data includespulmonary function parameter data from 46 subjects who completed 12weeks of treatment, 32 subjects who completed 24 weeks of treatment, and15 subjects who completed 36 weeks of treatment. In addition, the dataincluded baseline and 24-week HRCT scans from 12 subjects.

Disease severity at baseline, measured as FVC % predicted, ranged from42.5 to 86.0%, with a median of 63.2%, n=47. Mean FVC was 2.61 L.

Subjects treated with an anti-CTGF antibody (CLN1) at 15 mg/kg every 3weeks experienced a change in FVC from baseline at Week 12post-initiation of therapy of −0.04 liters (n=46), the same as thechange seen in IPF subjects from a composite placebo arm derived fromrecent IPF clinical trials, −0.04 liters. (Table 2.) At Week 24post-initiation of therapy, the change in FVC from baseline was −0.09liters (n=32) that again approximates the change seen in IPF subjectsfrom the composite placebo arm derived from recent IPF clinical trials.At Week 36, the anti-CTGF antibody treated subjects demonstratedstabilization in the rate of the pathologic decline in FVC from baselinewith a net change of −0.08 liters (n =15) from baseline compared withthe extrapolated change of −0.12 liters seen in IPF subjects from thecomposite placebo arm derived from recent clinical trials.

TABLE 2 Change in FVC from baseline FVC Change from Baseline (liters)Interval All Subjects Baseline FVC % predicted > 55% Responders Week 12−0.04 0.00 +0.05 CLN1 N = 46 N = 34 N = 14 Week 12 −0.04 (historicalplacebos)* Week 24 −0.09 −0.07 +0.06 CLN1 N = 32 N = 26 N = 14 Week 24−0.08 (historical placebos)* Week 36 −0.08 −0.02 +0.04 CLN1 N = 15 N =12 N = 9 Week 36 −0.12 (historical placebos)* *IPF subjects in compositeplacebo arm derived from recent clinical trials, n = 1,122. Mean =approximately −0.16 liters at Week 48. (Richeldi L et al., N Engl J Med2011; 365:1079-1087; Noble PW et al., Lancet May 14, 2011DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60405-4; Azuma A et al. Am J Respir Crit CareMed. 2005 May 1;171(9):1040-47; Taniguchi H. et al. Eur Respir J 2010;35:821-829; Demedts M et al. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2229-2242; Raghu Get al. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:125-133; King TE Jr et al, Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2011 Jul 1;184(1):92-99; Daniels CE et al, Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2010 Mar 15;181(6):604-10; Raghu Get al, Am J Respir CritCare Med. 2008 Nov 1;178(9):948-55; Noth I et al. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 2012; 186:88-95; Raghu G et al. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1968-1977)

An examination of the change in FVC (liters) from baseline at Week 24and Week 36 post-initiation of therapy based on the subjects' baselineFVC % predicted value showed that overall, subjects with a higherbaseline FVC % predicted value responded better to treatment. FIG. 1 Theregression lines for changes in FVC vs. baseline FVC % predicted showedthat subjects with a baseline FVC % predicted value of at least themedian baseline value of 63% experienced a stabilization of disease orincrease in FVC (reversal of the pathologic decline) at Week 24 and Week36.

An analysis of the change in FVC (in liters) from baseline of subjectstreated with an anti-CTGF antibody that had a baseline FVC % predictedof at least 55% demonstrated that after approaching the change in FVCseen in IPF subjects at Week 24, there was an improvement in FVC at Week36, a reversal in the pathologic rate of decline. FIG. 2 and Table 2

An examination of the change in FVC (in liters) from baseline insubjects that demonstrated an improvement (reversal in the pathologicdecline) in FVC at Week 12 post-initiation of treatment with ananti-CTGF antibody revealed that the improvement in FVC persistedthrough Week 36 with a net gain in FVC of about 0.04 liters. FIG. 3 andTable 2 In contrast, the change in FVC for IPF subjects in the compositeplacebo arm derived from recent clinical trials was about −0.12 litersfrom baseline at Week 36.

Examination of another pulmonary function parameter, FVC % predicted,revealed that subjects treated with the anti-CTGF antibody (CLN1) at 15mg/kg every 3 weeks experienced a change in FVC % predicted frombaseline at Week 12 post-initiation of therapy of −0.80% (reduction inthe pathologic rate of decline) compared to a change of −1.36% seen insubjects from the composite placebo arm derived from recent IPF clinicaltrials. Table 3 At Week 24 post-initiation of therapy, the change in FVC% predicted for subjects treated with an anti-CTGF antibody was −1.93%compared to a change of −2.73% for the subjects in the composite placeboarm derived from recent IPF clinical trials. At Week 36, the anti-CTGFantibody treated subjects had a change from baseline of −1.11% thatdemonstrates a reversal in the pathologic rate of decline in FVC %predicted compared to Week 24. In contrast, at Week 36 IPF subjects fromthe composite placebo arm had a change from baseline in FVC % predictedof −4.09%.

Inspection of results revealed that subjects treated with an anti-CTGFantibody that had a baseline FVC % predicted of at least 55% showed noappreciable change from baseline FVC % predicted at Week 12. Table 3 AtWeek 24, the change in FVC % predicted from baseline was −1.24%, laterrebounding to +0.09% above baseline at Week 36, demonstrating a reversalin pathologic rate of decline of the FVC % predicted values for thesesubjects.

Surprisingly, at Week 12 about 30% of the subjects demonstrated apositive change in FVC % predicted from baseline. Table 3 These subjectswith a mean +1.27% change in FVC % predicted were termed “responders”and demonstrate that treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody can reversethe pathological rate of decline in pulmonary function. The positiveresponse was durable, lasting until at least Week 36.

TABLE 3 Change in FVC% predicted from baseline. FVC % Predicted Changefrom Baseline Interval All Subjects Baseline FVC % predicted > 55%Responders Week 12 −0.80% +0.02% +1.27% CLN1 N = 46 N = 34 N = 14 Week12 −1.36% (historical placebos)* Week 24 −1.93% −1.24% +1.71% CLN1 N =32 N = 26 N = 14 Week 24 −2.% 73 (historical placebos)* Week 36 −1.59%+0.09% +1.43% CLN1 N = 15 N = 12 N = 9 Week 36 −4.09% (historicalplacebos)* *IPF subjects in composite placebo arm derived from recentclinical trials, n = 1,019. Mean FVC% predicted change from baseline =−5.46% at Week 48. (Richeldi L et al., N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1079-1087;Noble PW et al. , Lancet May 14, 2011 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60405-4;Demedts M et al. N Engl J Med 2005; King TE Jr et al, Lancet 2009;374:222-2228; 353:2229-2242; Raghu G et al. N Engl J Med 2004;350:125-133; Zisman DA et al. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:620-628; Noth I etal. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:88-95)

HRCT scans from 12 subjects at Week 24 were compared to their respectivebaseline HRCT scan to assess changes in pulmonary fibrosis of individuallung lobes or the whole lung using CAD analysis. Three pulmonaryradiographic parameters were examined: ground glass opacities, fibrosisand honeycomb formation. Additionally, QILD was also determined. Abouthalf of the subjects demonstrated a reversal in the extent of two ormore pulmonary radiographic parameters in both the most severe lung lobe(FIG. 4) and whole lung (FIG. 5). About a quarter of the subjectsappeared to have stable disease based on both the most severe lung lobeand whole lung CAD analysis. The direction and extent of change in thepulmonary radiographic parameters between the most severe lung lobe andthe whole lung were similar for individual subjects. These datarepresent the first demonstration of a reversal in the extent ofpulmonary fibrosis in IPF subjects.

An examination of the CAD analysis results and Week 24 FVC % predictedvalues compared to baseline FVC % predicted values demonstrated that thereversals in pulmonary radiographic parameters and the increases in FVC% predicted values were correlated. (FIG. 6) Further, subjects withhigher baseline FVC % predicted values, in general, responded better toanti-CTGF antibody therapy. More specifically, a threshold baseline FVC% predicted value, >63%, was found, wherein, subjects who entered thetrial with a baseline FVC % predicted >63%, generally showed animprovement in lung fibrosis following treatment with an anti-CTGFantibody, as evidenced by a decrease in the extent of pulmonaryradiographic parameters.

Ongoing Data Collection and Analysis

At appropriate time points maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) andtrough level (Cmin) of the anti-CTGF antibody (CLN1) are determined. Thearea under the curve (AUC) for antibody exposure is calculated forsubjects using either linear or log-linear extrapolation.

Pulmonary function and DLCO testing is continued through Week 48 and thechanges in FVC, FVC % predicted, TLC, FRC, DLCO and DLCO % predicted areanalyzed for clinically meaningful responses, such as >10% and >5%improvements in baseline measurements.

Follow-up HRCT scans at Week 48 are obtained and compared with thebaseline HRCT and Week 24 scans by visual scoring and CAD analysis asdetailed above for the 24 Week HRCT scans. The proportion of respondersand its 95% confidence interval are calculated.

The median progression-free survival is estimated using the Kaplan-Meiermethod from the analysis of the proportion of subjects who meet thedisease progression criteria during the study.

Clinical Trial Update

A total of 54 subjects were enrolled in the study, now termed “Cohort1,” of which 53 subjects were treated. Forty four subjects were seen atWeek 24 with 39 subjects completing treatment and follow up. Fifteensubjects withdrew with 5 of the withdrawals voluntary, 3 because of lungtransplantation and 6 related to adverse events that were not associatedwith the anti-CTGF antibody treatment.

Patient demographics of the enrolled subjects include a mean age of67.3. Eighty three percent of the subjects were male. Disease severityat baseline, measured as FVC % predicted ranged from 42.5% to 86% with amedian of FVC % predicted of 63.2% and a mean FVC % predicted of 62.5%.The median DLCO % predicted was 47.0% and the mean DLCO % predicted was49.5%.

Analysis of plasma samples from subjects for anti-CTGF antibodyconcentration following the first infusion demonstrated a mean Day 1Cmax of 336 μg/ml, SD+86 μg/ml, n=35 and a Week 3 mean Cmin of 23 μg/ml,SD+10 μg/ml, n=34. The Week 24 (8^(th) infusion) mean Cmax was 341μg/ml, SD+115, n=33, similar to the Cmax from the first infusion. TheWeek 27 Cmin of 42 μg/ml, SD+25 n=30 was higher than the Week 3 Cminvalue. The Week 45 mean Cmax was 225 μg/ml, SD=84 μg/ml, n=19. Week 48mean Cmin was 47 μg/ml, SD=22 μg/ml, n=18.

Testing of pulmonary function parameters demonstrated that the slowingof the pathologic rate of decline in pulmonary function seen with theinitial subjects continued. FIG. 7 The rate of decline in FVC %predicted from baseline for all treated subjects was reduced compared toplacebo treated historical controls. Additionally, it was noted thatsubjects enrolled with a baseline FVC % predicted greater than 55%experienced an even greater reduction in the rate of decline of thispulmonary function parameter compared to all subjects treated with ananti-CTGF antibody or historical controls.

The surprising decrease and stabilizations in radiographic pulmonaryparameters seen with the initial 12 subjects at Week 24 continued whenthe HRCT scans of whole lungs from 46 subjects were examined by CADanalysis and compared to their respective baseline HRCT scan. FIGS. 8and 9. Approximately 59% of the subjects had a decrease (reversal) orstabilization of the radiographic pulmonary parameter, fibrosis. FIG. 8.Similarly, 60% of the subjects had a decrease (reversal) orstabilization of QILD. FIG. 9. CAD analysis of the most severe lung lobedemonstrated similar response rates to whole lung. Additionally, allthree radiographic pulmonary parameters proved to be mutable withanti-CTGF antibody therapy. Further, a decrease in QILD was usuallyassociated by a decrease in at least two radiographic pulmonaryparameters. Similarly, an increase in QILD was usually associated by anincrease in at least two radiographic pulmonary parameters.

The decrease (reversal) and stabilization of radiographic pulmonaryparameters seen at Week 24 endured to at least Week 48, with slightreductions in the total percentage of subjects within these groups.FIGS. 10 and 11. The response of individual subjects to the anti-CTGFantibody therapy generally persisted over the treatment period. FIG. 12.Subjects that showed a decrease (reversal) in QILD at Week 24 usuallycontinued to show a decrease (reversal) in QILD at Week 48. Subjectsthat had stable QILD at Week 24 usually continued to show stable QILD atWeek 48. Similarly, subjects that showed an increase in QILD at Week 24usually continued to show an increase in QILD at Week 48. The resultsdemonstrate that CAD analysis of HRCT scans can be used to prognosissubjects with IPF that are treated with an anti-CTGF antibody. Inparticular, the extent of QILD at Week 24 can be used to select subjectsfor further treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody. For example, subjectsthat demonstrate a decrease or stabilization of QILD at Week 24 can beselected to continue treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody, whilesubjects that demonstrate an increase in QILD can be switched to adifferent treatment protocol.

To further explore the relationship between changes in radiographicpulmonary parameters and pulmonary functional parameters, subjects weresegregated based on QILD results at Week 24 and their change in FVC %predicted from baseline FVC % predicted compared over time. FIG. 13Subjects at Week 24 with an increase in QILD compared to baseline QILDcontinued to lose pulmonary function at a rate similar to historicalplacebos. In contrast, subjects at Week 24 with a decrease in QILD orstable QILD compared to their baseline QILD had a similar slowing in thepathologic rate of decline of this pulmonary function parameter. Thedifference in the rate of loss of pulmonary function between thosesubjects that showed an increase in QILD from baseline at 24 weeks andthe subjects from the combined group of subjects that at 24 weeks had adecrease in QILD or stable QILD compared to baseline was statisticallysignificant (p<0.004). The difference in pulmonary function betweenthese groups continued through at least Week 48 (p<0.05). These resultsdemonstrate correlation between stabilization or improvement in lungmorphology via HRCT and improvement in pulmonary function. These resultsfurther confirm that changes in lung morphology determined by serialradiographic measurements can be used to prognosis subjects that receiveanti-CTGF antibody therapy for IPF. In particular, these resultsdemonstrate that changes in the extent of QILD at Week 24 can be used toprognosis subjects. Subjects with stable or decreased QILD at Week 24compared to baseline generally have a marked reduction in the pathologicrate of decline of FVC % predicted. This reduction in the rate ofdecline is maintained at least through Week 48 with continued treatmentwith an anti-CTGF antibody. On the other hand, subjects that haveincreased QILD at Week 24 compared to baseline generally continue toshow a rate of decline in FVC % predicted that is similar to historicalcontrols. Subjects at Week 24 that have increased QILD compared to theirQILD at baseline can be switched to a different treatment protocol thatmay include a higher anti-CTGF antibody dose.

The relationship between the improvements in radiographic pulmonaryparameters and improvements in pulmonary function parameters forsubjects treated with an anti-CTGF antibody were further examined bycorrelation analyses. FIGS. 14 and 15 and Table 6 The analyses show thatthe reduction in pulmonary fibrosis from baseline, as measuredradiographically, correlates with the improvement in pulmonary function,as measured by the change in FVC % predicted from baseline, in subjectsthat received anti-CTGF antibody therapy.

TABLE 6 Pearson Correlation Analysis Δ FVC % Predicted vs Δ Fibrosis ΔFVC % Predicted vs Δ QILD (Shown in FIG. 14) (Shown in FIG. 15) Week 24Week 48 Week 24 Week 48 N 44 38 44 38 r_(s) −0.6004 −0.5575 −0.4934−0.3514 p value 0.000016 0.000277 0.000667 0.030502

The change in FVC % predicted outcomes at Week 48 was examined forsubjects that experienced less than a −3% change from baseline andsubjects that experienced greater than a −3% change from baseline atWeek 48. FIG. 16 The results show that at Week 48, subjects thatexperienced a change in FVC % predicted above −3% compared to baseline(40% of total subjects) initial gained a slight increase in pulmonaryfunction at Week 12 that was maintained to at least Week 48. Incontrast, at Week 48 subjects that experienced change in FVC % predictedbelow −3% compared to baseline (60% of total subjects) showed acontinual decline in pulmonary function that was similar to the resultsseen in historical placebo controls. The results demonstrate that ingeneral, subjects that experience at most a modest decline (<−3% change)in FVC % predicted gained pulmonary function following treatment with ananti-CTGF antibody.

Subjects that experienced less than a −3% change in FVC % predicted frombaseline at Week 48 were allowed to continue treatment for a second year(15 mg/kg IV Q 3 weeks for a total of 45 weeks) to test the hypothesisthat longer treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody would maintain or evenimprove pulmonary function parameters. Nineteen subjects elected tocontinue treatment and will be monitored as before with testing ofpulmonary function parameters every 12 weeks and HRCT scans at Weeks 24and 48 of this second treatment course.

In summary, the clinical data from Cohort 1 demonstrate that treatmentwith an anti-CTGF antibody can slow the pathologic rate of decline inpulmonary function in subjects with IPF. Further, in some subjects,treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody can improve pulmonary function orstop the decline (stabilize) in pulmonary function. Additionally,treatment with an anti-CTGF antibody can reverse pulmonary fibrosis orprevent the progression (stabilize) of pulmonary fibrosis as evidencedby changes in radiographic images over time. Notably, the improvementsseen in pulmonary function are associated with the improvements inpulmonary structure, i.e., reversal or stabilization of radiographicpulmonary parameters. The results support the continued treatment ofsubjects with the anti-CTGF antibody CLN1 at 15 mg/kg and the initiationof a second therapy arm to study the therapeutic response to a higherantibody dose.

Cohort 2

Based on the surprising results achieved with the administration of 15mg/kg of an anti-CTGF antibody, coupled with knowledge that the use ofthe anti-CTGF antibody, CLN1, in other indications at a dose of up to 45mg/kg IV Q 2 weeks has not identified any significant safety concerns, asecond cohort for treatment of IPF was initiated. Subjects are beingtreated with 30 mg/kg IV Q 3 weeks. The entry criteria for Cohort 2 isthe same as Cohort 1 with the exception that eligible subjects require aFVC % predicted >55%. To date, 32 subjects are enrolled.

Initial pulmonary function study results at Week 12 for 14 subjectssuggest that a higher antibody dose can further improve pulmonaryfunction parameters. FIG. 17 Subjects experienced a reversal in theexpected rate of decline from baseline of FVC % predicted values, i.e.,the change in their FVC % predicted values rose was positivedemonstrating an improvement in pulmonary function compared to baseline.

Safety Profile

Treatment with the anti-CTGF antibody, CLN1, is well tolerated. Thepattern of adverse events was consistent with the demographics andunderlying disease in the population being studied. At Week 36, noserious adverse events were assessed as related to treatment with CLN1and there were 3 deaths, all related to progression of IPF, and oneacute exacerbation of IPF to date in enrolled subjects.

Through the completion of Cohort 1, no significant safety concernsrelated to the administration of CLN1 were identified. Additionally,there were no further deaths or acute exacerbations of IPF.

What is claimed:
 1. A method for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administeringan effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody, thereby treating IPF. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprises reducing thepathologic rate of decline of a pulmonary function parameter by at least5%.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the pulmonary function parameteris selected from the group consisting of vital capacity (VC), residualvolume (RV), forced expiratory volume (FEV), forced vital capacity(FVC), forced vital capacity percent (FVC %) predicted, forcedexpiratory flow (FEF), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), inspiratoryreserve volume (IRV), functional residual capacity (FRC), inspiratorycapacity (IC), total lung capacity (TLC), expiratory reserve volume(ERV), tidal volume (TV), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). 4.The method of claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprises increasing thesubject's FVC by at least 0.05 liters compared to a baseline FVCmeasurement.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprisesincreasing the subject's FVC % predicted by at least 0.5% compared to abaseline FVC % predicted measurement.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereintreating IPF comprises producing at least a 5% increase, compared to abaseline measurement, in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbonmonoxide (DLCO) corrected for hemoglobin, DLCO percent (DLCO %)predicted, or arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO₂).
 7. The methodof claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprises producing at least a 5%decrease, compared to a baseline measurement, in alveolar-arterialoxygen tension gradient (A−a) PO₂.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereintreating IPF comprises producing at least a 5% reduction, compared to abaseline measurement, in the extent of pulmonary infiltration offibroblasts or myofibroblasts, in the rate of collagen deposition, inthe degree type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, in the degree of smoothmuscle hyperplasia or the formation of fibroblastic foci.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprises stabilizing or producing atleast a 2% reduction, compared to a baseline measurement, in one or morepulmonary radiographic parameters selected from the group consisting ofground glass opacities, fibrosis and honeycomb formation.
 10. The methodof claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprises the extension of thesubject's progression-free survival or overall survival of at least 1month compared to historic controls.
 11. The method of claim 1, whereintreating IPF comprises decreasing the subject's risk of death at 1 yearpost-diagnosis by at least 10% compared to historical controls.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein treating IPF comprises the prevention of aworsening of dyspnea, the prevention of the development of new dyspnea,the reduction in the frequency or intensity of coughing, the preventionof a worsening of hypoxemia, the reduction in the number or severity ofacute exacerbations of IPF, the reduction in the number of IPF-relatedhospital admissions, the reduction in the need for supplemental oxygen,or the improvement in the assessment of health-related quality of life.13. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-CTGF antibody has the sameamino acid sequence as the antibody produced by the cell line identifiedby ATCC Accession No. PTA-6006.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein theanti-CTGF antibody binds to CTGF competitively with an antibody producedby the cell line identified by ATCC Accession No. PTA-6006.
 15. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibodyis at least 15 mg/kg.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the effectiveamount of an anti-CTGF antibody is at least 1.00 g.
 17. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the effective amount of an anti-CTGF antibody producesat least a C_(min) of 10.0 μg/ml when measured at 21 dayspost-administration.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the effectiveamount of an anti-CTGF antibody produces at least an area under thecurve for the period of 0-21 days post-administration of 1,000 μg*h/ml.19. The method of claim 1, further comprising the administration of anadditional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting ofcorticosteroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, supplementaloxygen, and mechanical ventilation.
 20. The method of claim 1, whereinthe subject has a forced vital capacity percent (FVC %) predicted ofgreater than about 55%.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the subjecthas less than 50% parenchymal fibrosis.
 22. The method of claim 1,wherein the subject has less than 25% honeycombing within the wholelung.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has been diagnosedwith IPF for less than 5 years.
 24. A pharmaceutical composition fortreating IPF comprising an anti-CTGF antibody.